搜索
20071071071ZhongguoJingjiPinglun,ISSN1536-9056,USA17710127[1]1√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√【】19631983181199019901%200510.2%11990feed-intariffs90%1%2%75%121kW12050%60%[3]199019901997710%19972000MW[2]2000REL0.990.56[3]19984.7%20048%200510.2%2004202020%[4]2R&D&D199910FederalMinistryofEconomics&Technology5.12003560199820042004300MW600[5]201989100MW19961500MW200314.6GW200518.43GW31.2%54%4%[6]207011978PURPAavoidedcost19ETA10%25%[7]1992EPACT101.5/kWh[8]200530%30%2000850080008500202021.5[9]222SBC15RPS12Netmetering23CO23197319808199720101004600MW20051000MW199630/20151016/6/20056%20052400MW9150MW1000kWh545kWh3000h1.5[11]2070119741980PV19781980NEOD19922020570362[12]2199719982003RPS2006[13]332003135.5230720033931.12.3392003132[14]319962001%199656016.9199774833.6199887517.019999255.72000110519.52001144931.1.[J].200512.20002000712MW317MW45%20021312MW635MW49%30%20041000KW88%1252%618MW199946%2120104.82GW[15]2002460MW2003730MW20041000MW20102000MW[16]111avoidedcost4RPS4ECU/kWh1ECU=1.15US$0.0220.0360.057-0.065-0.063-0.088[17][18]2197520002.151995198019810.28900.061986250-kw501989100MW0.084.360%19901000199910[19]2PaoloAgnolucci.(2006).UseofinstrumentsintheGermanrenewableelectricitypolicy.Energypolicy,34,3534.19811986NEOD100kw199420104600MW1997720106000MW199219MW2002635MW20%50%30%1997DOE100%50%80%2350%2005552004201020204%8%12.5%20%1%7.5%20%5%3%1.35%203020%HenrikLund.(2007).Renewableenergystrategiesforsustainabledevelopment.Energy,32,912-919.198940.26[20]200242020191.82/[21][1]ThomasAckermann,GoranAnderssson&LennartSoder.(2001).Overviewofgovernmentandmarketdrivenprogramsforthepromotionofrenewablepowergeneration.RenewableEnergy,22,197-204.[2]BechbergerM.,ReicheD.(2004).RenewableenergypolicyinGermany:pioneeringandexemplaryregulations.EnergyforSustainableDevelopment,7,47-57.[3]IEAWindEnergy2002AnnualReport.(Chapter8).RetrievedApril2003,from[4]DanyelReiche,MischaBechberger.(2004).PolicydifferencesinpromotionofrenewableenergiesintheEUmemberstates.EnergyPolicy,32,843-849.[5]ISTIS.[EB/OL].(2006-10-24).24=3678.[6].[N].2006-04-13.[7]U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffices.(1991).CompilationofselectedEnergy-RelatedLegislation.Electricity,115.[8]GieleckiMark,MayesFred&LawrencePrete.(2004November19)Incentives,Mandates,andGovernmentProgramsforPromotingRenewableEnergy.2001EnergyInformationAgency.RetrievedNovember19,2004,from[9]AfzalS.,Sidddiqui,ChrisMarnay&RyanH.Wiser.(2007).RealpotionsofUSfederalrenewableenergyresearch,development,demonstration,anddeployment.EnergyPolicy,35,265-279.[10].[J].2006254-60.[11].[J].2005834.[12]Kurokawa,Kosuke.(1996).AnoverviewofsystemtechnologyinJapan.RenewableEnergy,8,480-484.[13].[J].2005962-69.[14][EB/OL].(2005-01-10).[15]InternationalEnergyAgency.Photovoltaicpowersystemsprogramannualreport,Japan:PVtechnologystatusandprospects.RetrievedMarch27,2004,from[16]JochenMarkard&BernhardTruffer.(2006).Thepromotionalimpactsofgreenpowerproductsonrenewableenergysources:Directandindirecteco-effects.EnergyPolicy,34,306-321.[17].[J].2006235-37.[18]EnergyInformationAdministration.PoliciestopromoteNon-hydrorenewableenergyintheUnitedStatesandSelectedCountries.RetrievedFebruary2005,from[19]JoannaI.Lewis&RyanH.Wiser.(2007).Fosteringarenewableenergytechnologyindustry:Aninternationalcomparisonofwindindustrypolicysupportmechanisms.EnergyPolicy,35,1844-1857.[20]MischaBechbergerDanyelReiche.[J].2006(19)109-120.[21].[J].2006174-77.NewenergyresourceincentivepoliciesandfunctionarymechanismofGermany,UniteStates,JapanXUBo,ZHANGDan-lingAbstract:Largeconsumptionoffossilenergyhascausedthelackofenergyandglobalenvironmentalpollution.Somanycountriestakepositivepoliciestopromotethedevelopmentofnewenergyresource.ThispaperanalyzesthenewenergyresourcespoliciesonGermany,UniteStatesandJapaninwhichnewenergyresourcesareadvancedintheworld.Onthebasisofresearchonthenewenergyresourcepoliciesandperformance,thepaperdiscussesfunctionarymechanismofthosepolicies.ThepolicieswhichareactsandR&D&DdirectedbygovernmentinfluenttheR&D,investment,production,consumptionofrenewableenergysourceindustry.Itsfunctionarymechanismisthatthepolicieshaveeffectedonmarket’screation(expansion),technologyinnovation(spread),externalsurroundings.Atlast,thepolicieshavegreatlypushedthedevelopmentoftherenewableenergyresourceindustry.Keywords:renewableenergyresourcespolicies;marketcreation(expansion);technologyinnovation(spread);externalsurroundings