文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity1FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity填充床中的流动过程、空隙率和球形度文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity2packedbedsporositysphericityabsorptioncolumnscrosssectionhydraulicradiusheattransfermasstransferlaminarflowturbulentflowpackingmassfractionRaschigringBerlsaddles填充床空隙率孔隙率球形度形状系数吸收塔横截面水力半径传热传质填料堆积层流湍流质量分率拉西环伯尔鞍Newwordsandexpressions:文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity3Packedbedsareusedinawidearrayofprocessequipment,includingabsorptioncolumnsandfixed-bedchemicalreactors.固定床化学反应器填充床吸收塔填充床广泛应用于各种工艺设备中,包括吸收塔和固定床反应器。(填充床广泛用于吸收塔和固定床反应器等工艺设备中。)固定床反应器:流体通过固定不动的固体颗粒构成的床层进行反应的装置。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity4Fluidflowthroughapackedbedisacomplexprocessthatwecanvisualizeasflowthroughacollectionofintermeshedtubesofvaryingcrosssection.Thiscollectioncreatesatortuouspathforthefluid,whichenhancesheatandmasstransfer.visualize形象化intermeshed多分支的crosssection横截面heatandmasstransfer传热和传质流体在填充床中的流动是一个复杂的过程,我们可以将其形象化地看作是流体流过多分支的、变截面的管道系统。这些管路为流体创造了曲折的(流通)路径,从而增强传热和传质(效果)。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity5Wetakeasemiempiricalapproachtocalculationsfortheseflowsbecauseoftheircomplexity.复杂性半经验的由于这些流动过程的复杂性,我们使用半经验的方法对其进行计算。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity6Packedbedsareusedinawidearrayofprocessequipment,includingabsorptioncolumnsandfixed-bedchemicalreactors.Fluidflowthroughapackedbedisacomplexprocessthatwecanvisualizeasflowthroughacollectionofintermeshedtubesofvaryingcrosssection.Thiscollectioncreatesatortuouspathforthefluid,whichenhancesheatandmasstransfer.Wetakeasemiempiricalapproachtocalculationsfortheseflowsbecauseoftheircomplexity.填充床广泛用于吸收塔和固定床反应器等工艺设备中。流体在填充床中的流动是一个复杂的过程,我们可以将其形象化地看作是流体流过多分支的、变截面的管道系统。这些管路为流体创造了曲折的(流通)路径,从而增强传热和传质(效果)。由于这些流动过程的复杂性,我们使用半经验的方法对其进行计算。第一部分文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity7Theapproachusesahydraulicradiustoderiveappropriateflowequations.Forapackedbed,Rh=volumeavailableforflow流通体积/totalwettedsurface(3.58)湿润表面积水力半径推导,导出这种方法利用水力半径来推出适当的流动方程式。对于填充床:Rh=流通体积/总润湿表面积Rh:水力半径文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity8Rh=(volumeofvoids/bedvolume)/(wettedsurface/bedvolume)空隙体积床层体积=ε/α(3.59)Whereεisporosity,andαequalsαv(1-ε)whereαvis空隙率thetotalparticlesurfacedividedbythevolumeoftheparticles.α比表面积--单位体积填料中的填料表面积Rh=(空隙体积/床层体积)/(润湿表面积/床层体积)=ε/a其中ε表示空隙率,a=av(1-ε),其中av是粒子总表面积除以粒子总体积。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity9Theapproachusesahydraulicradiustoderiveappropriateflowequations.Forapackedbed,Rh=volumeavailableforflow/totalwettedsurface(3.58)Rh=(volumeofvoids/bedvolume)/(wettedsurface/bedvolume)=ε/α(3.59)Whereεisporosity,andaequalsαv(1-ε)whereαvisthetotalparticlesurfacedividedbythevolumeoftheparticles.这种方法利用水力半径来推出适当的流动方程式。对于填充床:Rh=流通体积/总润湿表面积Rh=(空隙体积/床层体积)/(润湿表面积/床层体积)=ε/a其中ε表示空隙率,a=av(1-ε),其中av是粒子总表面积除以粒子总体积。第二部分文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity10Alsousefulinpacked-bedcalculationsisthesuperficialvelocity(definedastheapproachvelocitytothebed,or表观流速(折算速度)床层的进气速度thevelocitywithoutthepackingpresent),thepacked空床流速bedheightL,andparticlediameterDρ.TheReynoldsnumberforapackedbedis雷诺数0VDRe(3.60)在填充床计算中同样有用的是表观速度(定义为床层的进气速度,或没有填料时的速度即空床流速),填充床的高度L和填料粒径Dρ。填充床的雷诺数为:文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity11Forbothlaminarandturbulentflowthroughabed,75.1)1(15010330VDVDLPgPSPSc(3.61)whichistheErgunequation.欧根方程层流湍流不管是层流还是湍流通过床层,都符合Ergun方程:文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity12ThetermФsisobtainedbytherelationФs=(6/Dp)(particlesurfacearea/particlevolume)SometypicalsphericitiesforvariouspackingsaregiveninTable3.7.填料球形度Фs项(即球形度)可由下式计算得:Фs=(6/Dρ)(粒子表面积/粒子体积)表3.7给出了各种填料一些典型的球形度。球形度文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity13Alsousefulinpacked-bedcalculationsisthesuperficialvelocity(definedastheapproachvelocitytothebed,orthevelocitywithoutthepackingpresent),thepackedbedheightL,andparticlediameterDρ.TheReynoldsnumberforapackedbedis(3.60)Forbothlaminarandturbulentflowthroughabed,(3.61)whichistheErgunequation.ThetermФsisobtainedbytherelationФs=(6/Dp)(particlesurfacearea/particlevolume)(3.62)SometypicalsphericitiesforvariouspackingsaregiveninTable3.7.0VDRe75.1)1(15010330VDVDLPgPSPSc第三部分文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity14在填充床计算中同样有用的是表观速度(定义为床层的进气速度,或没有填料时的速度即空床流速),填充床的高度L和填料粒径Dρ。填充床的雷诺数为:不管是层流还是湍流通过床层,都符合Ergun方程:(其中)Фs项可由下式计算得:Фs=(6/Dρ)(粒子表面积/粒子体积)表3.7给出了各种填料一些典型的球形度。0VDRe(3.60)75.1)1(15010330VDVDLPgPSPSc(3.61)文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity15150)1(23022VDLPgPsc75.1)1(320VDLPgPScForthelaminarrange(Re1.0),theErgunequation(eq3.61)isForturbulentflow(Re1000),Forcalculationsinthetransitionrange(1.0Re100),useeq3.6.1(3.64)(3.63)层流区湍流过渡区对于层流区(Re1.0),Ergun方程式变为:对于湍流(Re1000),Ergun方程式变为:对于1.0Re1000的过渡区,直接用等式3.61计算。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Porosityandsphericity16sDForcaseswhenthepackedbedconsistsofamixtureofdifferentparticlesizes,asurfacemeandiametermustbeused.平均直径在填充床填料由不同粒径的混合物组成的情况下,须用到表观平均直径。文献阅读第三课FlowThroughPackedbeds,Poro