人文知识语言学部分

1语言学知识一、基本框架语言学的研究主要包括两个方面：1．对语言本身的研究2．对语言和其他学科的交叉研究1)phoneticsphonology1.generallinguistics2)morphology3)syntax(thecoreoflinguistics)4)semanticslinguistics5)pragmatics2.sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguageinsocialcontextspsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemindappliedlinguistics:thestudyoflinguistictheoriesinrelationtolanguageteaching(inanarrowsense)…二、基本概念language1.language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是人类用来交际的具有任意性的语音符号体系。)2.designfeatures(语言的结构/普遍特征)（proposedbyAmericanlinguist,CharlesHockett）:refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.(指人类语言所具有的那些能将其与任何一种动物信息交流方法区别开来的本质性的特征。)arbitrariness(任意性):Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.productivity（多产性）:Languageiscreative.Mancanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.duality:twolevels:thesoundlevel---meaningless;thegrammaticallevel---meaningful.（二重性：无意义的语音和有意义的单位的组合；语言系统有两个结构：语音结构和语义结构）2displacement（移位）:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.(语言可被用来指已脱离说话人直指环境的语境)culturaltransmission（文化传递）:thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedlinguistics1.linguistics:isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.thecoreoflinguistics:3.thebeginningofmodernlinguistics:markedbythepublication(1916)ofF.deSaussure’sbookCourseinGeneralLinguisticsintheearly20thcentury.4.twomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication:speechandwriting5.someimportantdistinctionstwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudyprescriptive(规定性研究):Thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatheyshouldnotsay.descriptive（描述性研究）:Thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse。Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.synchronic(共时研究):Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象)diachronic（历时研究）:Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.（研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究其历史发展规律）Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.speechwritingLinguisticsgivesprioritytothespokenlanguageinsteadofthewrittenlanguage.twoaspectsoflanguagelangue（语言）:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(言语社团的成员所共知的语言体系).Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Itisabstractandrelativelystable.parole（言语）:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Itisconcreteandvaried.3ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.competence(语言能力):theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageperformance（语言运用）:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationSimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence.Thetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytherulesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguage.ButtheydifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.traditionalgrammar（传统语法）:modernlinguistics（现代语言学）:Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:1)Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.2)Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Whileincaseoftraditionalgrammar,viceversa.3)ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.三、重要分类四、重要理论及代表人物4TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics(现代语言学理论和学派)SchoolsRepresentativesTheoriesandConcepts1./SaussureConceptofarbitrarinessDistinctionsbetween:langue&parolesynchronic&diachronicsyntagmatic¶digmatic(组合关系&聚合关系)2.ThePragueSchool(布拉格学派)/PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositions(音系学和音位对位)FunctionalSentencePerspective（FSP）(句子功能前景)3.TheLondonSchool（伦敦学派）Firthmeaningisuseandconceptofcontextofsituation(语境)methodofprosodicanalysis(韵律分析),calledprosodicphonology(韵律音系学)HallidaySystematic-FunctionalGrammar(系统功能语法)4.AmericanStructuralism(美国结构主义学派)---abranchofsynchroniclinguistics(共时语言学一个分支)BloomfieldBehaviourismChomskyTransformational-GenerativeGrammar(转换生成语法)Distinctionbetween:competence&performance5Phonetics1.definitionPhoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.Itstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-makingandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.(研究发音特征，提供对其进行描述、分类和标音的方法)2.thescopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,andthuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics.articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)Itstudieshowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.Itexaminesthewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedto