欧盟成员国新能源扶持政策监测评估工具

SummaryreportMonitoringandevaluationofpolicyinstrumentstosupportrenewableelectricityinEUMemberStatesAresearchprojectfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservationandNuclearSafetyFundinglabel:20341112Authors:Dr.MarioRagwitz(FhISI)Dr.GustavResch(EEG)Dr.ThomasFaber(EEG)Dr.ClausHuber(EEG)Imprint:FraunhoferInstituteSystemsandInnovationResearchBreslauerStr.48,D-76139Karlsruhe,GermanyPrintedinGermany–2005Photography(coverpage)byGustavReschContactdetails:Dr.MarioRagwitzFraunhoferInstituteSystemsandInnovationResearchBreslauerStr.48D-76139KarlsruheGermanyPhone:+49(0)721/6809-157Fax:[phone]Email:[e-mail]ityofTechnologyEnergyEconomicsGroup(EEG)Gusshausstrasse25/373-2A-1040ViennaAustriaPhone:+43(0)1/58801-37354Fax:[phone]Email:[e-mail]nofpolicyinstrumentstosupportrenewableelectricityinEUMemberStates-Summaryreport-PageICONTENTSPageExecutiveSummary......................................................................11Introduction............................................................................32Generalcharacterisationofsupportschemesforrenewableenergysourcesintheelectricitysector(RES-E)......................................53CurrentstatusofRES-EmarketsinselectedEUMemberStates.....74EffectivenessoftheimplementedsupportschemesinselectedEUMemberStates.................................................105TheimpactofsupportschemesonthefuturedeploymentofRES-E.216MinimumdesigncriteriaforRES-Esupportinstruments...............357Conclusions..........................................................................378References...........................................................................39MonitoringandevaluationofpolicyinstrumentstosupportrenewableelectricityinEUMemberStates-Summaryreport-PageIIMonitoringandevaluationofpolicyinstrumentstosupportrenewableelectricityinEUMemberStates-Summaryreport-Page1EXECUTIVESUMMARYSincethepublicationoftheWhitePaperEnergyforthefuture(EC,1997)andtheadoptionoftheDirective2001/77/EC(EC,2001)onrenewableenergiesintheelectricitysector(RES-E),theEUrenewableenergysectorhasdevelopedinadynamicway.AllmemberstateshaveintroducedpoliciestosupportthemarketintroductionofRES-Eandmostofthemhavestartedtoimprovethecorrespondingadministrativeframeworkconditions.Theexistingpoliciescomprisefeed-intariffs,quotaobligationsbasedontradablegreencertificates(TGCs),investmentgrants,tenderproceduresandtaxmeasures.Duetothedifferentnatureofthevariouspolicyschemes,theeffectsoftheseinstrumentsontechnologicaldevelopment,RES-Emarketdiffusionandevolutionofgenerationcostsaswellascostforsocietydiffersignificantly.Untilnowthesepolicieshavebeenimplementedexclusivelyonanationallevel,aimingtomeetthenationalindicativetargetsassetintheRES-Edirective.However,basedonthepresentlyimplementedpolicies,mostofthesetargetswillmostlikelynotbemetaswasindicatedinthecommunicationoftheEuropeanCommissionin2004COM(2004)366.AnimportantreasonforthisisthatthesupportlevelofferedtoRES-EisstillveryheterogeneousamongtheEUcountriesandcertainlytoolowinanumberofMemberStates,i.e.sometimesbelowlong-termmarginalcosts.Furthermore,theidentifiedkeybarrierstothedevelopmentofRES-Ewhichareofanadministrative,financial,andsocialnatureaswellasinsufficientelectricitygridcapacityarenotbeingappropriatelyaddressedbynationalauthorities.AdditionallytherisklevelassociatedwithRES-Einvestmentsisstillevaluatedascomparativelyhighbytherelevantfinancialinstitutionsinsomemarkets.Altogether,theeffectivenessofpresentRES-EsupportisstilllimitedandshowsaratherunevendistributionacrosstheEU.Besidesthesefacts,theeconomicefficiencyofRES-Esupportislowerthanwouldbepossibleinanadvancedpolicyenvironmentandshowsaclearheterogeneityamongmemberstates.Thelatterismainlyduetothestructuraldesigndifferencesoftheimplementedpolicyschemes,whereastheinducedleveloftheinvestmentriskseemsthekeyelement.Althoughthebasicnatureoftheexistinginstrumentscertainlydiffers,therearecleartendenciestowardsaconvergenceofimportantpropertiesofthepolicymeasuresinordertoovercomeprevailingdeficitsofdifferentinstruments.Conclusionsfromtheanalysisreadasfollows:Basedontheanalysisofhistorictrends:►ThebestprogresstowardsthetargetssetintheRES-EdirectivewasachievedincountrieswithstablesupportsystemsandlowoverallbarriersforthedevelopmentofRES-E,i.e.Denmark,Finland,GermanyandSpaininthepresentanalysis.►Theeffectivenessofthepromotionofinnovativetechnologieslikewindenergy,agriculturalbiogasandphotovoltaicshasbeenthehighestincountrieshavingfeed-intariffsastheirmainsupportsystem,eventhoughnotallfeed-incountriesareequallysuccessful.►TheeffectivenessofthepromotionoflowcostoptionsintheoverallRES-Etechnologyportfoliolikesewagegasandcertainfractionsofagriculturalbiomasshasbeenparticularlyhighincountrieswithnon-technologyspecificRES-EpromotionschemesliketaxincentivesandquotaobligationsbasedonTGCs,althoughsomeprogresscanbeseenundertheimplementedfeed-insystemsaswell.Monitoringandevaluationofpolicyinstrumentstosupportre