(1)浪漫主义文学(修改版)着重表现作家的主观理想,抒发强烈的个人感情,由情生物,为情造物。具有主观性、重理想,重感情的本质特征。就像费希特所说:“从你周围的一切掉转目光,朝向你的内心王国吧,这是哲学向他的信徒们道出的第一个要求。你身外之物没什么重要的,你本身是唯一的问题。”主要代表有夏多不里昂的《勒内》,湖畔派华兹华斯《丁登寺》,魔鬼派雪莱《麦布女王》,拜伦《唐璜》《恰尔达﹒哈洛尔德游记》等。(2)浪漫主义文学将大自然和资本主义文明对立,受卢梭的“返回自然”和泛神论的影响。偏重于描写自然风光,厌恶资本主义的文明和现实。正如美学家李斯托威尔所说:自然这块天地,不得不等到19世纪的浪漫主义运动,方才得到了充分而又细致的发掘。拜伦、雪莱、华兹华斯、歌德,是他们第一次把大海、河流、山峦带进了他们自己的作品。韦勒克也指出浪漫主义的世界观是一种自然观。浪漫主义把一切原始的、质朴无华的和天真无邪的事物视为自然的。英国约翰·济慈著名的抒情诗《夜莺颂》和《希腊古瓮颂》,就表现自然,沉醉于古代世界田园牧歌的美景之中。梅里美的长篇小说《莫班小姐》也倡导回归自然,回归到人类原始的本性和纯真。(3)浪漫主义作家重视民间文学。浪漫派对各种艺术形式作了卓有成效的探索,其中最引人注目的是对民间文学的重视以及诗体长篇小说的创造。在德国和英国,浪漫主义就是从搜集民间文学开始的。如拜伦首创的诗体长篇小说,是在诗剧的基础上发展起来的,它视野宽广,将欧洲各国的社会生活熔于一炉。这种新形式扩大了诗歌反映现实的范围,对长篇小说的发展也起了推动作用。(4)浪漫主义作家喜欢用夸张、对比的手法,追求强烈的艺术效果。好写中世纪和异国题材,曲折离奇的情节,塑造非凡的传奇性的人物形象。雨果是对比艺术的倡导者和大师,他提出:“丑就在美的旁边,畸形靠近着优美,丑怪藏在崇高的背后,美与恶并存,光明与黑暗相共。”他把这种对照原则运用于小说、诗歌和戏剧创作中。如《巴黎圣母院》,就是以美与丑的对比、外表与内心的巨大反差,表现了作家爱憎分明的情感。(1)romanticliteraturefocusesontheperformanceofthewriter'ssubjectiveideal,toexpressstrongpersonalfeelings,bythefeelingoflife,forthefeelingsofcreation.Ithasthecharacteristicofsubjectivity,theheavyidealandtheheavysentiment.AsFichtesaid:fromallaroundyou,lookingawaytowardyourinnerKingdom,thisisthefirstrequirementtothephilosophyofhisfollowerstomakethe.Whatoutofisnotimportant,youaretheonlyproblem.Themainrepresentativeis“LeonRene”LakePaihuaziWentzTinternAbbey,thedevilsentShelleyQueenMab,ByronDonJuanandjhardaHarold'spilgrimageetc..(2)romanticliteraturecontrastthenaturewithcapitalistcivilization,affectedbytheinfluenceofRousseau'sreturntonatureandpantheism,Emphasisonthedescriptionofthenaturalscenery,thecivilizationandtherealityofcapitalism.AstheAmericanscientistLeeStowellsaid:thisworld,hadtowaituntilthenineteenthCenturyromanticmovement,hasbeenfullyandcarefullyexcavated.Byron,Shelley,Wordsworth,Goethe,isthefirsttimethattheyhavethesea,riversandmountainsintotheirownworks.Butalsopointedouttheromanticviewoftheworldisakindofnaturalview.Romanticismregardsallprimitive,plain,andinnocentthingsasnatural.JohnKeats'sfamouspoemOdetoaNightingaleandOdeonaGrecianUrn,ontheperformanceofnature,indulgeinthepastoralbeautyoftheancientworld.Merimee'snovelMademoiselleDuMaupinalsoadvocatedareturntonature,returntotheoriginalhumannatureandinnocence.(3)theromanticwriterspaygreatattentiontothefolkliterature.Romanticartformsareveryfruitfulexploration,oneofthemoststrikingisthecreationofthefolkliteratureandtheimportanceofpoeticnovels.InGermanyandBritain,romanticismisthebeginningofthecollectionoffolkliterature.AsByron'sfirstversenovels,isdevelopedinthedramaonthebasisofitsbroadvision,andthesociallifeofEuropeancountrieswillAllblendintooneharmoniouswhole.Thisnewformexpandsthescopeofpoetrytoreflectthereality,anditalsoplaysaroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofnovels.(4)theromanticwritersliketouseexaggerationandcontrasttopursuitstrongartisticeffects.Andpreferwritingmedievalandexoticthemes,twistsandturnsbizarreplot,creatingtheextraordinaryandlegendaryfigure.HugoisanadvocateofComparativeArtandmaster,heproposed:uglyonthesideoftheUnitedStates,abnormalclosetothebeautiful,uglymonsterhiddenbehindthenoble,theUnitedStatesandevilcoexist,brightanddark.Heappliedthisprincipletothecreationofnovels,poemsandplays.SuchasNotreDamedeParis,isahugecontrasttobeautyanduglinesscontrast,appearanceandheart,andshowthewriteremotion.