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01.Humanism(人文主义)1HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.2itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)1Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”,itmeantthereintroductionintowesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.2theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.3therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.03.Metaphysicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌)1Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2witharebelliousspirit,theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.3thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.04.Classicism(古典主义)Classicismreferstoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.05.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.2themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.3itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.4itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.5famousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope.JonathanSwift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.2thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.3theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.07.TheGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)1TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife.Pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.2ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.08.Romanticism(浪漫主义)1Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.2Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,orderandelegantwit.Instead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.3Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetrywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth,ByronandShelley.09.ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)1Byronicheroreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.2withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.3Byron’schiefcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”10.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)1CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.2Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.3Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.4CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.11.Aestheticism（美学主义）1ThebasictheoryoftheAestheticmovement---“artforart’ssake”wassetforthbyaFrenchpoet,TheophileGautier,thefirstEnglishmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaestheticismwasWalterPater.2aestheticismplacesartabovelife,andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart,notartimitatelife.3Accordingtotheaesthetes,allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart’ssake,canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatartshouldbeunconcernedwithcontroversialissues,suchaspoliticsandmorality,andthatitshouldberestrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolishedstyle.4ThisisoneofthereactionsagainstthematerialismandcommercialismoftheVictorianindustrialera,aswellasareactionagainsttheVi