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语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.先行词关系代词定语从句2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.先行词关系代词定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用;1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg.ThisistheroomwhichIlivedinlastyear.先行词关系代词定语从句(三)：定语从句中有关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as.关系副词when,where,why等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=ofwhom\ofwhich人&物定语关系副词When=at\in\on\duringwhich时间状Where=at\in\towhich地点状Why=forwhich原因状that在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。Thisistheplacewherewework.（vi.）(关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt.)做主语Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.做宾语Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表语Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定语ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcan’tremember.做状语TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.1.在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。eg：Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingcontest.2.在定语从句中，who用来指代人。eg：IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.3.当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。eg：Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.4.当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。eg：Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.5.Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。eg：IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1．二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who(that)whom指物which(that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用that,why.作宾语可以省略不可用that,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句（六）关系代词that和which的区别1．只能用that的情况(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.Everythingthatwesawwasinteresting.I’minterestedineverythingthatIdon’tknow.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.(2)如果先等词被all,littlenoneany,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.例如：Ireadallthebooksthatyougavetome.ThisistheonlymoneythatIhaveinmypocket.AllthemoneythatwascollectedwasgiventotheHopeProject.(3)如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。ThisisthefirstbookthatwaswritteninEnglish.ThisisthelastfactorythatIvisited.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefunniestthingthatIeverheard.(4)如果先等词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.ThisistheonlybookthatIreallylike.Hewastheonlypersonintheofficethatwasinvitedtotheball.(5)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who,which.例如：Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.(6)who,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingthere?WhichofusthatknowsEnglishdoesn’tknowthis?whichofthenoveldoyoulikebest?(8)先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that.YesterdayIcaughttwofish.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillaliveinthebasinofwater.(9)当主句“therebe“开头时，关系代词要用that引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。Therearefourdesksinthemiddleoftheofficethatareusedfortheteachers.当先行词是way、moment、time等时用that，且常省略。Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that;2．只能用which的情况1)非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：Thereareaboutsevenmillionpeopletakingpartintheelection,mostofwhom、arewelleducated.Beijing,whichischina’scapital,isrichinculture.2)those/that+名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。Thatpenwhichhetookismine.Ashopshouldkeepthosegoodswhichsellswell.3)介词后只用whichThisistheroominwhichhelived.Idon’tknowthemantowhomyoutalked.Thechaironwhichheissittingismadeofwood.(4)which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用that..例如：Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?(6)关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词which.HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish.3．只用who,whom.而不用that的情况(1)如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,those,ones等时，关系代词应该用who或whom，不用which.that。例如：Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.（2）当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。Mr.Smithcametovisitmyfamily,whowerewatchingTVthen.Ourclass,whichisaverygoodone,waspraisedagainatthemeeting.(5)当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用whoTheaunt/unclewhocametoseeuslastweekismybrother’ssister.补充当先行词为bythetime,anytime,theway,everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.ThefirsttimeIsawhimwasin1980Bythetimehewas14hehadlearnedadvancedmathematics但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用thatwhen均可3.当先行词为way时，关系词用inwhich,that,或省略.Thisisthewaythat/inwhich/不加hesmiles.oneofthe…与theoneofthe…做先行词时谓语不一致。LiBaiisoneofthegreatestpoetsthathavelivedinChina.LiBaiistheo