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1名词，代词，数词，冠词，介词,it用法,主谓一致一．名词1.可数名词复数形式的构成（略）注意：1）twowomendoctors,threementeachers2）sportsmeet运动会sportswoman女运动员2.不可数名词information,advice,news,paper（纸不可数，报纸论文可数）bread,meat,water,work,cloth,ink等。apieceofnewa,fourbottlesofink,twopiecesofadvice两条意见3.名词的所有格1）China`scapital=thecapitalofChina2）JaneandHelen`sroom(共有)3）Bill`sandTom`sbikes(不共有)4）atmyaunt`s(在我婶婶家)，theteachers`office(老师的办公室)，twodays`time(两天的时间)5）afriendofmyfather`s=oneofmyfather`sfriends(我父亲的一个朋友)afriendofmine=oneofmyfriends（我的一个朋友）somebooksofmyfather`s（我父亲的一些书）6）bodytemperature(体温)eveningsuits(晚礼服)abusstop(公共汽车站)oxygensupply(氧气供给)astorybook(一本故事书)amodelworker(模范工作者)theheadengineer(主任工程师)theheadteacher(班主任)motherdeer(母鹿)studentsreading-room学生阅览室以上注意积累二．代词1）单数you---he/she---IYou,heandIshouldreturnontime.你，我，他都应准时返回。2）避免重复用that或those代替前面提到的事物TheweatherofBeijingisasgoodasthatofQingdao.Themachinesarebetterthanthoseweproducedlastyear..这些机器比我们去年生产的要好。3）that指上文提到的事Wehavenotimetodoit.Thatisourtrouble.我们没有时间去做，这就是我们的问题。（that指Wehavenotimetodoit.）但若指下文要叙述的事情，一般用thisWhatIrequireofyouisthis.Youshouldfinishitintwohours.我所要求你的是这一点，你应该在两小时内完成。三．数词1）hundreds/thousands/millionsof--,dozens/scoresof---fivehundred,threedozen---2)inthe1990`s=inthe1990s在20世纪90年代inthethirties在30年代特别注意：inhisthirties在他30多岁时3序数词可换成another时，序数词前一般用a不用theWouldyoulikeasecondapple?=Wouldlikeanotherapple?再吃一个苹果好吗？四．冠词1）playtheviolin/pianoplaybasketball/volleyball2)用于发明物的单数名词前Whoinventedthewheel?谁发明了轮子？3)用在序数词前Ilikethefifthpicture.注意：Whynottryathirdtime?=Whynottryanothertime?为什么不再试一次？24）theYangtze(Rive)长江,thePacific(Ocean)太平洋，theMissippi(River)密西西比河，theEnglishChannel英吉利海峡theAlps阿尔卑斯山脉，theHimalayas喜马拉雅山脉注意：Asia,Africa,Europe,SouthAmerica,NorthAmerica,Oceania,Atarctica七大洲前不用the5）theChinese,theAmericans6)therich/thepoor/thewounded/theold(谓语动词复数)7）bycar/bybus/byplane/byair等注意：inthecar,onthebus等8）gotoschool/gotobed/inbed/gotohospital/inprison/sendsbtoprison等(病人，学生，囚犯等无冠词)注意：Hewenttotheprisontoseehissoninprison.他到监狱去看坐牢的儿子。五．介词1）intheeastofChina(范围内)totheeastofChina(范围外)eastofChina(既无the也无任何介词)六．it的几种句型（1）it作形式主语，形式宾语Itisimportantthatwe（should）learnEnglishwell.（形式主语）Itissaidthatsomethinghasbeendonetoendthepollution.据说已经采取措施来清除污染。=Somethingissaidtohavebeendonetoendthepollution.（形式主语）（2）Ifound/felt/thoughtiteasygetalongwithhim.(形式宾语)Wethink/found/feltitnousekeepingintouchwiththatcompany.(形式宾语)（3）like/hateitwhen---Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我讨厌嘴里塞满吃得东西在说话的人。Ilikeitwhenyousing.我喜欢你唱歌。（4）Itislikelythathewillbelate.他可能会迟到。=Heislikelytobelate.(5)强调句型肯定句：Itis/was+强调部分+that/who+其余部分ItoldJimthenewsinourofficeyesterday.ItwasIthat/whotoldJimthenewsinourofficeyesterday.ItwasJimthatItoldthenewsinourofficeyesterday.ItwasthenewsthatItoldJiminourofficeyesterday.ItwasinourofficethatItoldJimthenewsyesterday.(不能用where)ItwasyesterdaythatItoldJimthenewsinouroffice.(不能用when)强调句型一般疑问句：Is/was+it+强调部分+that/who+其余部分Wasityouthat/whotoldJimthenewsinyourofficeyesterday?强调句型特殊疑问句：疑问词+is/was+that/who+其余部分？WhowasitthattoldJimthenewsinyourofficeyesterday?WhenwasitthatyoutoldJimthenewsinyouroffice?WherewasitthatyoutoldJimthenewsyesterday?WhatwasitthatyoutoldJiminyourofficeyesterday?Whowasitthatyoutoldthenewsinyourofficeyesterday?注意：以上强调句型不能强调谓语动词，强调谓语动词时（只能是一般现在时和一般过去时）在动词前加do/does/didIdidtellJimthenewsinourofficeyesterday.我昨天的确在我们办公室把这个消息告诉吉姆了。Docometomorrow.=Besuretocometomorrow.明天一定要来。Hedoesoftencome.他的确经常来。注意it容易混淆的句型（1）Itwasmidnightwhenhecameback.他回来时已经半夜了。（时间状语从句）Itwasatmidnightthathecameback.(强调句型)=Hecamebackatmidnight.3(2)Itis/hasbeen+时间+since从句Itis/hasbeenfiveyearssinceIcametoChina.=IcametoChinafiveyearsago.=IhavebeeninChinaforfiveyears.Itwas/willbe+时间+before从句，（还要过多久/过了多久就----）Itwillbethreedaysbeforehemakesadecision.还要过三天他才会做出决定。Itwashoursbeforeswemetagain.几个小时以后我们又见面了。（3）Itis(high)time(that)+句子（从句中用过去式）Itistime(that)hewrotealettertohisgirlfriend.=Itistimeforhimtowritealettertohisgirlfriend.(4)It/Thisisthefirsttime(that)IhavevisitedChina.It/Thiswasthefirsttime(that)IhadvisitedChina.七．主谓一致1）onethird(三分之一),twothirds(三分之二)，(分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于一时，分母加s。)80percent谓语动词单数还是复数由后面的名词而定。60percentoftheworkhasbeenfinished.百分之60的工作已经完成。Threefifthsofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.我们班五分之三的学生是女生。2）主语后接with,togetherwith,aswellas,but(除---外)，except(除---外)，including,like(像---一样)等，谓语动词由主语而定Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttheretohelpwiththework.一位专家和一些助手被派到那儿帮助工作。3）therebe/herebe---,neither---nor---,either---or---,notonly---butalso---就近原则Thereisalamp,threebooksonthedesk.=Therearethreebooksandalamponthedesk.Notonlyhebut(also)youhavetogothere.=Notonlyyoubut(also)hehastogothere.4)family(家庭),team（队）,class（班级）---谓语动词单数family(全家人)，team（全体队员），class（全班同学）谓语动词复数Whentheraechercamein,theclasswerereadingEnglish.老师进来时，全体同学正在读英语。Ourclassismadeupof51students.我们班又51个学生组成。5）maths,politics,phsics—不可数，谓语动词单数6）trousers,scissors(剪刀)，shorts(短裤)，socks（袜子），clothes,chopsticks谓语动词复数apairoftrousers/scissors/shorts/socks,asuitofclothes(一套衣服)谓语动词单数Mytrousersaretoolong.Thispairoftrousersisdirty.7）theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations(谓语动词单数)TheUnitedStatesisa