第八章供应链战略

供应链战略OperationsManagement运营管理Chapter8Supply-ChainStrategy第8章供应链战略Supply-ChainManagementDefined供应链管理的定义MeasuringSupply-ChainPerformance供应链绩效的测量BullwhipEffect长鞭（牛鞭）效应OutsourcingDefined外源（外包）的定义ValueDensityDefined价值密度的定义MassCustomizationDefined大规模定制（顾客化大量生产）的定义WhatisSupply-ChainManagement?Defined什么是供应链管理？（定义）Supply-chainisatermthatdescribeshoworganizations(suppliers,manufacturers,distributors,andcustomers)arelinkedtogether.供应链是一个描述许多组织（供应商、制造商、销售商和顾客）被链接在一起的术语Supply-chainmanagementisatotalsystemapproachtomanagingtheentireflowofinformation,materials,andservicesfromraw-materialsuppliersthroughfactoriesandwarehousestotheendcustomer.供应链管理就是管理始于原料供应商，经由制造厂和仓库，终于最终顾客的完整的信息流、物料流和服务流的一种系统总体方法（）FormulasforMeasuringSupply-ChainPerformance测量供应链绩效的公式InventoryTurnover=Costofgoodssold.AverageaggregateinventoryvalueWeeksofSupply=AverageaggregateinventoryvalueCostofgoodssold(52Weeks)库存周转率=售出商品的成本平均库存总值可供周数=售出商品的成本平均库存总值52周·ExampleofMeasuringSupply-ChainPerformance测量供应链绩效的例题Supposeacompany’snewannualreportclaimstheircostsofgoodssoldfortheyearis$160millionandtheirtotalaverageinventory(productionmaterials+work-in-process)isworth$35million.Thiscompanyisusedtohavinganyinventoryturnratioof10.假设某公司新近一年的年度报告称，他们这的年销售成本为160X美元，平均总库存（生产原料+在制品）的价值是35X美元。该公司往年的库存周转率均为10。Whatisthisyear’sInventoryTurnoverratio?Whatdoesitmean?这年的库存周转率是多少？这样的周转率意味着什么？610610ExampleofMeasuringSupply-ChainPerformance(Continued)测量供应链绩效的例题（续）InventoryTurnover=Costofgoodssold/Averageaggregateinventoryvalue=$160/$35=4.57库存周转率=售出商品的成本/平均库存总值=160/35=4.57Sincethecompanyisusedtoaninventoryturnoverof10,adropto4.57meansthattheinventoryisnotturningoverasquicklyasithadinthepast.Withoutknowingtheindustryaverageofturnsforthiscompanyitisnotpossibletocommentonhowtheyarecompetitivelydoingintheindustry.由于该公司的库存周转率往年是10,这年降低至4.57,则意味着它的库存周转没有以往那么快。如果不知道这家公司所在行业的平均周转率，是不可能评论它在行业中有多少竞争力的。BullwhipEffect长鞭效应Time时间Retailer’sOrders零售商订单TimeWholesaler’sOrders批发商订单TimeManufacturer’sOrders制造商订单Themagnificationofvariabilityinordersinthesupply-chain.供应链中订货量变化的放大过程Alotofretailerseachwithlittlevariabilityintheirorders….每当许多零售商的订货量发生少许变化时…canleadtogreatervariabilityforafewernumberofwholesalers,and…会导致少数批发商的订货量发生较大的变化，而且…canleadtoevengreatervariabilityforasinglemanufacturer.会导致个别制造商的订货量发生更大的变化订货量MatchingSupply-ChainswithProducts供应链与产品的匹配EfficientSupply-Chain效率型供应链ResponsiveSupply-Chain反应式供应链FunctionalProducts功能型产品InnovativeProducts革新型产品Match匹配Mismatch失配Match匹配Mismatch失配WhatisOutsourcing?Defined外源（外包）定义Outsourcingisdefinedastheactofmovingafirm’sinternalactivitiesanddecisionresponsibilitytooutsideproviders.外源（包）就是一个公司把内部的一些活动和决策的职责移交给外部供应者的行为ReasonstoOutsource外源（外包）的原因Organizationally-driven组织动因Improvement-driven改进动因Financially-driven财务动因Revenue-driven收益动因Cost-driven成本动因Employee-driven雇员动因ValueDensityDefined价值密度定义Valuedensityisdefinedasthevalueofanitemperpoundofweight.价值密度被定义为每磅物品的价值Itisusedasanimportantmeasurewhendecidingwhereitemsshouldbestockedgeographicallyandhowtheyshouldbeshipped.当决定物品应当库存在何地和应当如何发货的时候，它是一种重要的测评方法MassCustomizationDefined大规模定制（顾客化大量生产）定义Masscustomizationisatermusedtodescribetheabilityofacompanytodeliverhighlycustomizedproductsandservicestodifferentcustomers.大规模定制是用来描述一家公司针对各种不同的顾客提供高度顾客化产品和服务的能力的术语Thekeytomasscustomizationiseffectivelypostponingthetasksofdifferentiatingaproductforaspecificcustomeruntilthelatestpossiblepointinthesupply-chainnetwork.大规模定制的关键在于对生产各特定顾客产品时的作业加以区分，把其中不同的部分，有效地推迟至供应链网络中尽可能靠后的一个点ElectronicCommerceandE-OpsDefined电子商务与电子运营定义Electroniccommerce(EC)isdefinedas“theuseofcomputerapplicationscommunicatedovernetworkstoallowbuyersandsellerstocompleteatransactionorpartofatransaction”.电子商务的定义是，“利用遍布于通信网络中的电脑让买方和卖方完成交易或部分交易”。E-OpsisatermthatreferstotheapplicationoftheInternetanditsattendanttechnologiestothefieldofoperationsmanagement.电子运营是一个关于应用因特网及其伴随技术于运营管理领域的术语。Traditionalvs.ElectronicCommercePurchasing传统商务与电子商务的采购ProcessStepTraditionalElectronicCommerce过程步骤传统商务电子商务Acquireproductinformation获取产品信息Magazines,flyers,onlinecatalogues杂志、传单在线产品样本Webpages网页Sendorder发订单Fax,mail传真、邮件E-mail,Webpages电子邮件、网页Checkinventoryatwarehouse库房核对清单Printedform,phoneform打印的文件、电话Onlinedatabase,Webpages在线数据库、网页Buyersendspayment买方付款Mail邮件EDI电子数据交换TheContextofE-Ops电子运营的组织结构BusinessModel商务模型“Howwemakeourmoney?”我们如何赚钱？Operations运营“Howdowemanageproductionoftheproductorservice?”如何管理产品或服务的生产？InformationSystemArchitecture信息系统结构“Thesetoftoolsusedtosupportprocesses.”支持过程的成套工具BusinessWebModels商务网络模型B-WebModel商务网络模型Example实例Marketplace市场型EbayAggregator聚合型E-TradeAlliance联盟型AOLValueChain价值链型DellComputersDistributiveNetwork配送网络型UPSE-OpsApplications电子运营的应用Supply-ChainManagement供应链管理ProjectManagement项目管理ProductandProcessDesign产品和过程设计Purchasing采购ManufacturingProcesses制造工艺InventoryManagement库存管理QualityManagement质量管理Forecasting预测OperationsScheduling作业排序ReengineeringandConsulting再造与咨询