绿色能源与环境保护Lecture1

LiminChen（陈礼敏）Tel:[phone]E-mail:[e-mail]:B4-505GreenEnergyAndEnvironmentalProtection•PollutionfromtraditionalenergyPetroleumprocessingandutilizationCoalutilization•BiomassEnergyplantsThermochemicalconversionBiologicalconversion•SolarenergyPhotovoltaicconversionPhotothermalconversionPhotochemicalconversion•Othergreenenergy:hydroenergy,wind,nuclear,geothermalenergy,oceanenergy,naturalgashydrate•HydrogenProductionStorage&Utilization•Fuelcells:DMFC,lithiumionbatteryMainContents•Energy&EnvironmentalScience•ChemSusChem••zebu.uoregon.edu/energy.html•:40pointsFinalExam:Pointsearnedonthefinalexamwillbeproratedtoamaximumof“50beforeassigningfinalgrades.PollutionfromPetroleumUtilizationWorldEnergyConsumptionTrendsbySourceSources:History:EnergyInformationAdministration(EIA),InternationalEnergyAnnual,website://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type.pngRunningoutofoil??TheconcernaboutrunningoutofoilarisesfrommisunderstandingthesignificanceofapetroleumindustrymeasurecalledtheReserves/Productionratio(R/P).Thismonitorstheproductionandexplorationinteractions.TheR/Pisbasedontheconceptofprovedreservesoffossilfuels.Provedreservesarethosequantitiesoffossilfuelsthatgeologicalandengineeringinformationindicatewithreasonablecertaintycanberecoveredinthefuturefromknownreservoirsunderexistingeconomicandoperatingconditions.TheReserves/Productionratioistheprovedreservesquantitydividedbytheproductioninthelastyear,andtheresultwillbethelengthoftimethatthoseremainingprovedreserveswouldlastifproductionweretocontinueatthecurrentlevel.Itisimportanttonotetheeconomicandtechnologycomponentofthedefinitions,asthepriceofoilincreases(ornewtechnologybecomesavailable),marginalfieldsbecomeprovedreserves.Weareunlikelytorunoutofoil,asmorefieldsbecomeeconomic.NotethatinvestmentinexplorationisalsolinkedtotheR/Pratio,andtheworldcrudeoilR/Pratiotypicallymovesbetween20-40years,howeverspecificnationalincentivestodiscoveroilcanextendthatrangeupward.Runningoutofoil??CrudeOilProvedReservesR/PRatioMiddleEast89.4billiontonnes93.4yearUSA3.89.8yearsUSA-1995USGSdata10.933.0yearsTotalWorld137.343.0yearsCoalProvedReservesR/PRatioUSA240.56billiontonnes247yearsTotalWorld1,043.864235yearsNaturalGasProvedReservesR/PRatioUSA4.6trillioncubicmetres8.6yearsUSA-1995USGSdata9.117.0yearsTotalWorld141.066.4years.Onebillion=1x109.Onetrillion=1x1012.OnebarrelofArabianLightcrudeoil=0.158987m3and0.136tonnesUSGS:U.S.GeologicalSurveyChemicalConstitutionofPetroleumCrudeOilOrganicCompoundsHydrocarbons(C,H)MetalsHeteroatomCompounds(S,N,O)InorganicCompounds(Na+,Ca2+,Cl-)OrganicCompounds(Ni,V,Fe)CrudeOil•CrudeOilisamixtureofhydrocarbonscontainingamixtureof100,000to1,000,000differentcompounds•Boilingrangewellover1,000oF–Atthelowerendarethegaseoushydrocarbons–methane(CH4)andethane(C2H6)–andinorganicgasessuchashydrogensulfide(H2S)andcarbondioxide.–Attheupperend,thematerialbecomesnon-volatileatabout1100°F(atmosphericequivalentboilingpoint)–resinsandasphaltenes–containvaryingdegreessulfur,nitrogen,oxygen,andheavymetalssuchasvanadiumandnickel.Hydrocarbons•Essentialcomponentsofpetroleum-C,Hcompoundsbasedonquadrivalencyofcarbonatoms-Linkedbyasinglebond(alkanes)-Linkedbydoublebond-Alkenes-Linkedbyconjugateddoublebondsinringstructures-AromaticsCC•SaturatedAliphaticHC(n-alkanesorn-paraffins)-StraightchainsofCatomseachwith2,3Hatoms(exceptCH4)•generalformula:CnH2n+2•CH3-(CH2)n-CH3:Ex)n-pentane:CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3CCCAlkanes-Boilingpointanddensityincreasewithincreasing#ofCatoms-EffectismuchmorepronouncedatlowC#’s•BranchedAlkanes(iso-alkanes)-BranchinginthecarbonchainCCCCCCCC-Boilingpt.ofn-alkanesBpt.ofiso-alkaneswiththesame#ofCB.PB.P-duetomolecularinteractionsanddispersionforcesIsomers:compoundsthathavethesamechemicalformula,butdifferentstructuresdifferentchemicalandphysicalpropertiesIsomersofAlkanesThisistheprincipalreasonforthemolecularcomplexityofpetroleum-especiallyinthehigherboilingregion.Alkylgroups:Alkaneminusahydrogenatom=Alkylradical(R•)Ex)CH4CH3•:methylradicalgroupC2H6C2H5•:ethylradicalgroup#CAtoms:5#Isomers:3#CAtoms:8#Isomers:18#CAtoms:18#Isomers:60,523#CAtoms:40#Isomers:6,200,000,000,000-Iso-octane(anisomerofn-octane)-2,2,4-trimethylpentaneCCCCCCCC**i-alkaneshavehighoctane#:e.g.,Octane#of2,2,4-TMP=100n-alkaneshavelowoctane#:e.g.,Octane#ofn-heptane=012345SaturatedCyclicHC(cycloparaffinsornaphthenes)-Cyclicstructures(orrings)inallorpartofskeleton-e.g.cyclohexaneMisleading2-DrepresentationActuallynon-planarstructures-Generalformulaforsingleringcompounds:CnH2nBoilingpointsanddensitiesofcycloalkanesboilingpointsofn-alkanesforthesame#ofC•UnsaturatedAliphaticHC(alkenesorolefins)-Littleornoolefinsincrudeoils-producedbyrefineryoperationsForexample:ethylene(H2C=CH2)andpropylene(H2C=CH-CH3);petrochemicalfeedstocksAromaticHydrocar