美国能源部锂离子电池研究报告-6

V. FOCUSEDFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHIntroductionCathodeDevelopmentAnodeDevelopmentElectrolyteDevelopmentCellAnalysisandModelingV.FOCUSEDFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHV.AIntroductionThefocusedfundamentalresearchprogram,alsocalledtheBatteriesforAdvancedTransportationTechnologies(BATT)program,issupportedbytheDOE’sVehicleTechnologiesprogram(DOE-VT)toresearchandanalyzenewmaterialsforhigh-performance,nextgeneration,rechargeablebatteriesforuseinHEVs,PHEVs,andEVs.Theeffortin2011continuedtheincreasedemphasisonhigh-energymaterialsforPHEVandEVapplicationsandexpandedeffortsintotechnologiesforenablingtheuseofLimetalanodes.BackgroundandProgramContextTheBATTProgramaddressesthefundamentalproblemsofchemicalandmechanicalinstabilitiesthathaveslowedthedevelopmentofautomotivebatterieswithacceptablecost,performance,life,andsafety.Theaimistodevelopandtestnewmaterialsandtousetraditionalandnoveldiagnosticsandmodelingmethodstobetterunderstandcellandmaterialperformanceandlifetimelimitationsbeforeinitiatingbatteryscale-upanddevelopment,.Emphasisisplacedonthesynthesisofcomponentsintocellswithdeterminationoffailuremodes,whilecontinuingwithmaterialssynthesisandevaluation,advanceddiagnostics,andimprovedmodeldevelopment.Batterychemistriesaremonitoredcontinuouslywithtimelysubstitutionofmorepromisingcomponents.ThisisdonewithadvicefromwithintheBATTProgramandfromoutsideexperts,includingconsultationwithautomotivecompaniesandDOE.AlsofactoredintotheBATTProgramdirectionisthemonitoringofworld-widebatteryR&Dactivities.TheProgramnotonlysupportsresearchthatleadstoimprovementstoexistingmaterials,butalsointohigh-risk“leap­frog”technologiesthatmighthaveatremendousimpactinthemarketplace.AnoverviewoftheactivitiesandfocusoftheprogramisshowninFigureV-1.FigureV-1:BATTOverviewFY2011AnnualProgressReport467EnergyStorageR&DV.AIntroductionDuong–DOE,Srinivasan–LBNLTheworkisadministeredbytheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(LBNL),withprincipalresearchersfromLBNL,fiveadditionalnationallaboratories,fourteenuniversities,andtwocommercialcompanies.Theprogramisorganizedintothefollowingareas:·NewCathodeSystems,PerformanceandLimitations·NewAnodeMaterials·NovelElectrolytesandtheirCharacterization,·Li-ionModeling,Diagnostics,andCellAnalysisTheBATTprogramhasanenviableteamofprincipleinvestigators,manyofthemworldrenowned,whopushthebatteryfieldforwardineachoftheseareas.TheinteractionamongthefourmainfocusareasisshowninFigureV-2.FigureV-2:BATTFocusAreasThissectionsummarizestheresearchactivitiesofthisprograminFY2011.ThewebsitefortheBATTProgramisfoundat–DOE,Srinivasan–LBNLV.AIntroductionpositiveinterfaces,developmentofnewoverchargeshuttlestofurtherstabilizeLi-ioncells,newionicliquidstoenablehighervoltagewindows,andfirstprinciplesmodelingtounderstandandeventuallytoconstructamorestableSEI.TheModeling,Diagnostics,andCellAnalysistasksinvolvetheuseofadvanceddiagnosticstechniques,suchasFTIR,X-rayabsorptionfinestructure(XAFS),X-raydiffraction(XRD),nuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)andothertechniquestoinvestigateinterfacialandotherpropertiesinLi-ionbatteries.Severalmodelingapproachesareusedtounderstandcellandfundamentalmaterialproperties,includingab-initiocalculations,macroscopiccellcalculations,andfiniteelementsimulations.Finally,standardcellmakingandtestingtechniquesaredevelopedandappliedtoprovideacommonevaluationprocessfornewmaterials.TheBATTprogramregularlysolicitsnewproposalsineachoftheabovefourareas.The2012RFPwillbeintheModeling,Diagnostics,andCellAnalysistaskarea.Inaddition,BATTprogrammanagementalwaysacceptsunsolicitedproposalso