中医英语常用语

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中医英语常用语(一)中医方剂名称的翻译方法从目前的翻译实践来看,方剂名称均可以音译。如“麻黄汤”可译为MahuangDecoction,“桂枝汤”可译为GuizhiDecoction。也有的将剂型也予以音译。但也有不少人采用直译或意译的方式翻译方剂名称。但在具体翻译时有的采用英语翻译方剂名称中的中药名(如将“桂枝汤”译为CinnamonTwigDecoction),有的则采用拉丁语翻译(如将“桂枝汤”译为RamulusCinnamoniDecoction)。有关中药名称的翻译问题,请参见第二十课的有关内容。就直译和意译而言,方剂名称的翻译可以有如下一些方式:1.以方中君药命名的方剂译式为:主药名+剂型名,如“麻黄汤”可译为HerbaEphedraeDecoction或EphedraDecoction。2.以主治病证命名的方剂译式为:病证名+剂型名,如“疝气汤”可译为HerniaDecoction。3.以动物命名的方剂译式为:动物名+剂型名,如“白虎汤”可译为WhiteTigerDecoction,“青龙汤”可译为BlueDragonDecoction。4.以借喻法命名的方剂译式为:借喻物+剂型名,如“碧玉散”可译为JasperPowder,“玉女煎”可译为JadeMaidenDecoction。5.以功效命名的方剂译式为:功效+剂型名,如“温脾汤”可译为Spleen-WarmingDecoction或DecoctionforWarmingtheSpleen。6.以服药时间命名的方剂译式为:时间+剂型名,如“鸡鸣散”可译为Rooster-CrowingPowder,“鸡苏散”可译为Rooster-WakingPowder。7.以主药加功效命名的方剂译式为:主药+剂型名+for+功效,如“朱砂安神丸”可译为Cinnabaris(或Cinnabar)DecoctionforTranquilizingtheMind,“黄连解毒汤”可译为RhizomaCoptidis(或Coptis)DecoctioinforRelievingToxin。8.以颜色命名的方剂译式为:颜色+剂型名,如“桃花汤”可译为PeachBlossomDecoction,“紫雪丹”可译为Purple-SnowBolus。9.以加减方式命名的方剂译式为:君药+剂型名+plus(加)或minus(减)+加上或减去的药物名称,如“桂枝加(减)芍药汤”可译为RamulusCinnamoni(或CinnamonTwig)DecoctionPlusRadixPaeoniae(或Peony)。10.以方中所含诸药数加功效命名的方剂译式为:所含诸药数+剂型名+for+功效,如“五味消毒饮”可译为Five-IngredientDecoctionforEliminatingToxin。(三)中医方剂常见剂型及其翻译中医方剂剂型比较多,现就其主要种类与译法分述如下:1.汤剂:Decoction2.散剂:Powder3.丸剂:可译为Bolus(大丸药)、Pellet(小丸药)或Pill(1)蜜丸:HoneyedBolus(2)水丸:WaterPellet(3)糊丸:PastePill(4)浓缩丸:CondensedPellet4.膏剂:Paste,Ointment,Plaster,Salve(1)流浸膏:LiquidExtract(2)浸膏:Extract(3)煎膏:DecoctedPaste(4)软膏:Ointment,Paste(5)硬膏:Plaster5.丹剂:与丸剂同,只因多用精练药品或贵重药品制成,所以称丹不称丸。6.酒剂:Vinum7.茶剂:MedicinalTea8.药露:Syrup9.锭剂:Lozenge,Pastille,Troche10.糖浆剂:Syrup11.片剂:Tablet12.冲服剂:Granule13.针剂:Injection14.栓剂:Suppository15.胶囊剂:Capsule(二)中药药性的翻译1.Amongthesematerials,flowers,herbsandtreesaretheonesmostfrequentlyused,thatiswhyChinesemateriamedicaiscalledChinesemedicinalherbs.在这些药物中,大多数是、草和树木,所以中药又称为中草药。2.TheChinesemedicinalherbsarecharacterizedbyfourproperties(cold,heat,warmandcool)andfivetastes(sour,bitter,sweet,acridorpungent-spicyandsalty).中草药具有寒、热、温、凉四种不同的药性(即四气)和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五种不同的味道(即五味)。3.Herbssuchaspreparedaconiteroot(Fuzi),whichrelievecoldsyndromes,arecharacterizedaswarmorhot.象附子这样能解除寒证的草药性属温热。4.Whenthetasteisnotobvious,itisknownasblandortasteless.味道不明显的草药为淡味或无味。5.Also,someherbsarecharacterizedasastringent.还有一些药物具有收涩的作用。6.Herbsthathaveadispersingfunctionarepungent-spicy.辛味之药具有宣散作用。7.Herbsmaybecold,slightlycoldandverycold;bitter,slightlybitterandverybitter;etc.药物或者为寒、微寒和大寒;或者为苦、微苦和苦甚。8.Thefunctionaltendenciesofherbsaremarkedbyascending,descending,floatingandsinking.药物的作用趋势为升降沉浮。9.Herbsthatascendandfloatmoveupwardandoutward;theypromotesweating,raiseyang,causevomitingandopentheorifices.具有升浮作用的药物有发汗、升阳、涌吐和开窍的功效。10.Herbsthatdescendandsinkmovedownwardandinward,conductqidownward,promoteurinationanddefecation,subdueyangandcalmthemind.具有降沉作用的药物有行气、通便、潜阳和安神的功效11.Inaddition,processingandpreparationmaychangethetasteandpropertyoftheherbandinfluenceitsfunctionaltendencies.另外,炮制有可能改变药物的性味和影响药物的作用趋向。12.Aherbmayselectivelyactuponaparticularpartofthebodytorelievepathogenicchangeinspecificmeridiansandorgans.一个药物可以有选择性地作用于人体的某一特定部位以消除某一经络或器官的病变。13.Themeridiansthataherbentersdependonthecorrespondingsymptomsrelieved.一个药物归于何经取决于它所祛除之症状。14.IntheChineseMateriaMedica,thewords“toxic,nontoxic,verytoxicorslightlytoxic”oftenappear.在《中华本草》一书中,“有毒、无毒、有大毒或有小毒”等词经常出现。15.Nooverdoseoftoxicherbsshouldbegivenasthismayleadtosideeffects.使用有毒的药物时不要多量,以免带来副作用。(三)中医治则的翻译方法1.Diaphoresis,alsoknownasexterior-relievingmethod,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoopenthemuscularintersticesandrelieveexteriorsyndromewiththeherbsforrelievingtheexteriorandinducingsweating.汗法,也叫解表法,是运用解表发汗的方药,开泄肌腠,解除表证的一种治疗方法。2.Italsocanbeusedtotreatedemaseriousabovethewaist,earlystageofcarbuncleandulceraswellasinhibitederuptionofmeasleswiththesamemanifestationsmentionedabove.本法也可以用以治疗水肿病腰以上肿甚、疮疡病初起,以及麻疹透发不畅等具有上述证候者。3.Diaphoresisiseitherinducedbyherbsacridintasteandwarminnatureorbyherbsacridintasteandcoolinnature.汗法有辛温发汗和辛凉发汗之分。4.themethodofnourishingyintoinducesweating滋阴发汗5.thetherapyofsupportingyangtoinducesweating助阳发汗6.Emesisisatherapeuticmethodusedtodirectpathogenicfactorsortoxicmaterialstobevomitedoutthroughthemouth.吐法是引导病邪或有毒物质,使之从口涌吐而出的一种治疗方法。7.Emetictherapyisusuallyusedtotreatstheniasyndromewithurgencytovomitoutthingsretainedinside.吐法常用以治疗病情急迫而必须迅速吐出积滞的实证。8.Purgationisatherapeuticmethodusedtodischargefeces,eliminateretentionofsubstanceandfluidinsidethebodyandrelieveaccumulationofsthenia-heatwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectiveforcatharsis.下法是运用具有泻下作用的方药,通过泻下大便,攻逐体内结滞和积水,并解除实热蕴结的一种治疗方法。9.Mediationisatherapeuticmethodusedforeliminatingpathogenicfactorsandsupportinghealthyqi.和法是祛除病邪扶助正气的一种治疗方法。10.Thistherapyisusedtotreatavarietyofsyndromes,suchasshaoyangsyndromemarkedbyalternativechillsandfeverinthesemi-exteriorandsemi-interiorphase;irregularmenstruationduetodisharmonybetweentheliverandstomachandstagnationofliverqi;abdominalpainanddiarrheaduetohyperactivityoftheliverandastheniaofthespleen.这一疗法应用范围广,如往来寒热于半表半里的少阳证,肝胃不和、肝气郁结所致的月经不调,以及肝旺脾虚的腹痛、泻泄等。11.Clinicallymediationisdividedintofourtyp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