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托福语法之虚拟语气什么是虚拟语气？•虚拟语气就是表示说话人的愿望，假设，猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。1.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句条件状语从句主句现在动词过去式（be用were)would(should/could/might)+动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would(should/could/might)+havedone将来动词过去式wereto+动词原形should+动词原形would(should/could/might)+动词原形表现在•Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.•Ifhestudiedatthisschool,hewouldknowyouwell.•TheSmiths_____(have)alovelygardeniftheydidsomeworkinit.•IfIlearnttoswim,I___(feel)saferinthewater.•Peter____(be)arichmantodayifhehadbeenmorecarefulinthepast.•Iftheplanecrashed,we____(kill)练习•IfI____(be)you,IshouldstudyEnglish.•Ifhe___(have),hewouldattendthemeeting.•Mr.Brown_____(buy)ahouseifhehadenoughmoney.表过去•Ifyou____(come)yesterday,you___(meet)him.•Ifthechildhadn'tbeensotired,he___(notfall)asleepsoquickly.•It___(be)agoodmatchifithadn'trained.•IfMother____(know)youwerecoming,she'dhavebakedsomecakes.表将来•IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.•Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.练习•Ifyou____(come)tommorow,wewouldhavethemeeting.•Ifit____(rain)tomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.•IfIweretodothiswork,I_____(do)itinmyownway.if的省略当从句中有were,hadshould,would,可放句首，省略if,用倒装形式Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.Hadshemoremoney,shewoulddressfashionably.WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.Hadshelistenedmorecarefully,shewouldn'thavemadesomanymistakes.2.一些特殊的虚拟条件句•错综时间条件句（从句主句时间不一致）•Ifyouhadtakenthemedicine,youwouldfeelbetternow.•Ifhewereleaving,youwouldhaveheardaboutit.练习•Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,he____(be)scientistnow.一些特殊的虚拟条件句•虚拟条件句中可含有陈述语气的从句•Ifitwerenotforthatfactthatyouareill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.•IfIhadknownthatheasnotathome,Iwouldnothavecalledonhim.一些特殊的虚拟条件句•含蓄条件句•有时，虚拟•由without，with,under,引导的介词短语•Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.•Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thavesucceeded.•分词短语•Thissamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodiaster.•Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavebeenascholar.•不定式短语•TohearhimspeakEnglish,onewouldtakehimforaforeigner.•连词but,butthat（若不是）,or或otherwise.主句（虚拟）+but/butthat+从句（陈述）主句（陈述）+or/otherwise+从句（虚拟）Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim,butIreallydon'tknowtheanswer.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewassobusy.Sheeatstoomucheveryday,orshewouldbethinner.Heisnotacarefuldriver;otherwisehewouldn'thavehadthataccident.练习•ButforJohn,we_____(lose)thematchlastweek.•Butforyourhelp,I____(find)theplace.•有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。•①省略从句•Hewouldhavefinishedit.他本该完成了。•Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.你应该会通过这次考试了。•②省略主句•IfIwereathomenow.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。•IfonlyIhadgotit.要是我得到它了该多好啊。3.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用•1.宾语从句。常见动词：•一个坚持：insist•两个命令：order,command•四个建议：advise,suggest,propose，recommend•五个要求：urge\demand\require\request\desire•这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词使用should+动词原形，或者将should省略。•Hesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.•Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.•Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.•Weinsistedthatshe(should)gowithus.练习•MyunclesuggestedthatI____(get)ajobinabank.•Theyinsistedthatameeting_____(beheld)assoonaspossbile.•2.以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句（包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句）也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。•order,advice,suggestion,proposal,demand,request,desire,requirement,idea,wish,etc.•Myideaisthathe(should)doexercisesfirst.•Ourdecisionisthatthewe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.•Therehavebeendemandsthattheybegivenmorefreetime.3.主语从句中有表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此还有以上虚拟语气词的衍生词都用虚拟。Itisnecessary,importantthatwe(should)+动词原形natuarl,desirableadvisable,starngeurgent,preferableItasnowonderthatwe(should)+动词原形ashameapityItisdesired,suggestedthatwe(should)+动词原形decided,proposedrequested,orderedrecommended练习•itisessentialthatevertchild____（have)thesameeducationalopportunities.•It'snecessarythatastudent___(learn)Englishwell.4.It's(high)time后的从句的虚拟It's(high)timeweleft(shouldleave).Itisabouttimeyourbabycouldwalk.5.定语从句的虚拟Anybodywhoshoulddothatwouldbelaughedat.=Ifanybodyshoulddothat,hewouldbelaughedat.Amanwhostoppedworkingwouldamounttonothing.=Ifamanstoopedworking,hewouldamounttonothing.6.wish/ifonly的虚拟wish/ifonly之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。发生时间动词形式现在过去式（be用were)过去用过完，或couldhavedone.现在或将来would/could/might+动词原形1）表现在•Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.•Iwishyouwerehere.•IwishIhadmroefreetime.•IfonlyIwereabird.2）过去•IwishIhadtakenyouradvice•IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.•IwishIcouldhavegonetothemoviewithyouyesterday.•Iwishyourfathercouldhavebeentheretoseeitall.3)现在或将来•Iwishyouwouldagreewithme.•Ifonlytherainwouldstop.•IwishIcoulddance练习•Iwishshe___(come)toseemyparentsmoreoften.(将来）•Sheoftenwishesthatshe___(canride)ahorse.(过去）•Iwishthetrain___(arrive)already;thenIcouldhavegothomebeforebreakfast.（过去）7.在evenif,eventhough所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。Itlooksasifitmightrain.现在HetalkstomeasthoughtIwereachild.现在HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.过去8.原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：①should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion.②should+完成式,指过去。如：I’mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.Iwasverysurprised