中国石油大学研究生英语第二章.

Unit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasCNPC（中国石油天然气总公司）SINOPEC（中国石油化工集团公司）CNOOC（中国海洋石油总公司）SINOCHEM（中国中化集团公司）Exxon（埃克森石油公司）Shell（英荷壳牌石油公司）Texaco（德士古公司）Mobile（莫比尔，或称飞马石油公司）Gulf（海湾石油公司）BritishPetroleum（英国石油公司）Elf（埃尔夫公司）ENIGroup（埃尼集团）Total（法国道达尔石油公司）Chevron（雪佛龙石油公司，即加里福尼亚美孚石油公司）IntroductionMajoroilcompaniesintheworldAPI（AmericanPetroleumInstitute）美国石油协会SPE（SocietyofPetroleumEngineers）国际石油工程师协会AAPG（AmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologists）美国石油地质学家协会OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)石油输出国组织MajoroilorganizationIntroductionPetroleumindustryUpstreamsector(上游）Midstreamsector（中游）Downstreamsector（下游）IntroductionThreemaincomponentsoftheindustryUpstreamsector:morethan1000explorationandproductioncompanies（勘探与生产公司）aswellashundredsofassociatedbusinesssuchasseismic（地震）anddrillingcontractors（钻井承包商）,servicerig（修井机）operators,engineeringfirmsandvariousscientific,technical,serviceandsupplycompanies.Midstreamsector:oilandgaspipelinesystemsthatconnectproducingandconsumingareas.Otherfacilitiesextractsulphur（硫）andnaturalgasliquids（液化天然气）,storeoilandgasproductsandtransportproductsbytruck,railortanker.Downstreamsector:refineries,gasdistributionutilities,oilproductwholesalers（批发商），servicestationsandpetrochemicalcompanies.ThreemaincomponentsoftheindustryIntroductionIntroductionPetrology岩石学“Petro-”means“岩石，石油”Petrochemical石油化工的Petrophysics油层物理学Petrography岩相学Petroliferous含油的ExplorationProductionTransportationRefiningSalesIntroductionUnit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasFindingoilandnaturalgas(1)Exploration-ThesearchforpetroleumAtrap(圈闭）requiresthreeelements:Aporousreservoirrocktoaccumulatetheoilandgas–typicallysandstones(砂岩），limestones(灰岩）anddolomites(白云石）;Anoverlyingimperablerocktopreventtheoilandgasfromescaping;Asourcefortheoilandgas–typicallyblackwaxyshales(含蜡页岩）.geologistn地质学家geophysicistn地球物理学家geochemistn地球化学家paleontologistsn古生物学家A井B井井漏2008LNT23线叠前偏移剖面(1)Exploration-Seismicsurveys(地震勘探）FindingoilandnaturalgasInaseismicsurvey,thegeophysical(地球物理的）contractor’screwlaysoutalineorseverallinesofsensitivereceivers（检波器）,calledgeophonesorjugs（地震检波器）,ontheground.Thenexplosions（爆炸）ormechanicalvibrations（机械振动）arecreatedonthesurface.Thegeophonesrecordtheenergyreflectedbackasseismicwavesfromrocklayersatvariousdepths.oilzoneFindingoilandnaturalgas(2)DrillingDrillingprocess:Arevolving（旋转）steelbit(钻头）atthebottomofastringofpipegrinds(磨）aholethroughtherocklayers.Rig（钻机）：Therearemanydifferenttypesofrigs.Thesmallestareservicerigs（修井钻机）mountedontrucks,whilethelargestareinstalledonshipsoroffshoreplatforms.:sourgas（含硫天然气）exploration,slantedholesorhorizontaldrilling（水平钻井）.Generalrule:thebiggertherig,thedeeperitcandrill.(2)DrillingFindingoilandnaturalgasBitDrillrigDevelopmentwell(开发井）Productionwell(生产井）Explorationwell(探井）Horizontalwell(水平井）Directionalwell(定向井）Verticalwell(直井）(2)DrillingFindingoilandnaturalgasAbout75workersaredirectlyemployedinthedrillingofonewell,althoughonlyfourtosevenmaybeondutyattherigatanygiventime.Theactualnumbercanvaryconsiderably,dependingonthetypeofwellbeingdrilled.Unit1IntroductiontoPetroleumIndustryIntroductionFindingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgasMovingoilandnaturalgasUsingoilandnaturalgasProducingoilandnaturalgas(1)Production-RecoveringResourcesAfterdrillinghaslocatedareservoirofoilornaturalgas,theoperatingcompany’sproductiondepartmenttakesoverthetaskofbringingtheresourcetothesurface.Petroleumisnotproducedfromundergroundlakes.Rather,oilandgasarecontainedintheporesandfracturesofcertainsedimentaryrocks(沉积岩）inthesamewaythatwaterisheldinasponge.Inmatureproducingareas,recoveringmoreoilandgasfromoldwellsisanimportantjob.Producingoilandnaturalgas(1)Production-RecoveringResources(2)OilRecoveryMethodsPrimaryrecovery(一次采油）Infilldrilling（加密钻井）：drillingmorewellsintothesamepoolsotheoildoesnothavetotravelasfarthroughtherocktoreachawellbore.Directionalwellsareoftenusedforinfilldrilling.Secondaryrecovery（二次采油）Furtheroilproductioncanbeobtainedbyinjectingwaterornaturalgastomaintainreservoirpressureandpushoiloutoftherock.tertiaryrecovery（三次采油）Lightandmediumcrudeoil:miscibleflooding(混相驱).Inthisprocedure,naturalgasliquids(ethane乙烷,propane丙烷andbutane丁烷)areinjectedintospecialinjectionwells.Whendissolved,theseliquidsreducesurfacetension表面张力andviscosity粘度tohelpreleasetheoilfromthereservoirrock.Carbondioxide(CO2)hasalsobeenusedformisciblefloods.Producingoilandnaturalgas)7.3(()6.3()5.3()()4.3()3.3(133321443122221244111121413142212133811ADmDACDaADmDACDaDDmDADmDACDaDDmDmDADACDaADACDaDDmDADmDDaADjmDjDajjjDADDDDADDADjmDDamDjDajDADDDDADDCCNNCCNNtCCCNNtCCCNNCNNtCCCNCCNrCrutCCCNCNrCrutC“bi-”means“二，双”bilateral双边的，双向的biennial两年一次的binary二进制的bisect平分bivalent二价的bidirectional双向的bibasic二元的