专题一名词Ⅰ.名词的定义名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普名词。专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。(见资料)如:YaoMing姚明;China中国;Christmas圣诞节等。Ⅱ.可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。1.可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如:anapple;twoapples。★注意:a用于以辅音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前;an用于以元音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前。如:abook/buk/,auseful/ju:sful/book,anapple/’aepl/,aredapple,anhour/’aua/2.不可数名词:不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。(1)物质名词。如:water;rice;tea;milk;food;fruit;meat;fish(鱼肉);chicken(鸡肉);beef;mutton;orange(橙汁);sugar;salt;paper(纸);porridge;bread;sand;juice等。这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如:acupoftea;twobagsofrice;threebottlesofwater等。(2)抽象名词。如:news;music;time(时间);information等。(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。如:fish;time;glass;orange;room;noise;chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。Ⅲ.名词的数1.可数名词复数形式的规则变化:情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watchesWish-wishes/box-boxes以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es读/vz/shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives,knife→knives.2.可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化(1)元音或词尾发生变化如:man→men;woman→women;Frenchman→Frenchmen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;child→children(2)单复数形式相同如:sheep→sheep;fish→fish;Chinese→Chinese;Japanese→Japanese;yuan→yuan(3)形式为单数意思为复数如:people,police(集合名词)(4)形式为复数意思为单数如:news,maths,physics,theUnitedStates等。(5)只用复数形式如:pants,shorts,clothes,glasses(眼镜)等。3.不可数名词的量的表示:(不能直接用数字;不能直接加a。an;无复数形式)(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,alotof/lotsof,some,any等词修饰。(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:apieceofpaper,apieceofnews,abagofrice,twoglassesofmilk,fourbottlesofwater(1)Ⅳ.名词的所有格:1.有生命的名词所有格(1)单数名词后加’s。如:mybrother’sbook(2)不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。如:thechildren’sfootball(3)以s结尾的复数名词后加’。如:theboys’game(4)以s结尾的专有名词后直接加’。如:Dickens’novels(5)某物为两个名词共有时,在第二个名词后加’s:如:TomandDavid’sroom.(6)表示两个名词各自拥有的东西,在两个名词后都加’s:如:Tom’sandDavid’srooms.2.无生命的事物的名词所有格(of所有格)(1)of+名词。如:aphotoofmyfamily,thedooroftheclassroom注意:“of+名词’s/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格如:afriendofmine,afriendofJim’s。(2)表示时间或距离,国家,城市的方法。也可用’s来构成所有格▲如:tenminutes’drive十分钟车程;amonth’sholiday一个月的假期。China’scapital(3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面的名词一般被省去。如:athisbrother’s;atthedoctor’s;atthebarker’s;atMrRead’s(4)用所有格表示节日的方法:如:Teachers’Day;Children’sDay.(除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。)如:Mother’sDay;Father’sDay.▲(5).由some、any、no、every与one、body结合的复合不定代词something、anything等和else连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。Thisis_________________(somebodyelse)pencil.四、名词作句子成分:★1.名词作主语1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Twohours_______(be)enoughforustogetthere.2).量词短语“数字+量词+of+…”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致。Apairofshoes_______(be)underthebed.Twopiecesofpaper_______(be)onthedesk.3).名词+介词(with、except、alongwith….)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。Theteacherwiththestudents_________(be)plantingtreesonthehill.4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、notonly…butalso…”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则。NeitherhenorI______(be)aFrenchman.★2.名词作定语1).名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。变复数时,名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如:abananatree→bananatrees;ashoefactory→shoefactoriesThereisashoefactoryneartheschool.2).名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。(sport)Thesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.3).man、woman作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。onemanteachertwowomenteachers(2)词类一名词()1.(2009·广州)—Youlookverytiredthismorning.Whatdidyoudoyesterdayafternoon?—Idid_______Christmasshopping.A.alotofB.afewofC.anumberofD.apieceof()2.(2009·武汉)—Whydoyougetupsoearlyinthemorning,Tracy?—Igenerallymakeita_______tobeupby7toreadEnglish.A.planB.wishC.secretD.rule()3.(2009·武汉)—Dothedishes,Mike,orIwilltellmum!—Mindyourown_______,Sue!A.actionB.dutyC.businessD.Way()4.(2009·广州)Theletterfrommyunclewasshort.Therewasn't_______news.A.manyB.afewC.muchD.few()5.(2009·威海)--Whydidn’tyoutakeataxibacklastnight?--BecauseIdidn’thaveany_________withme.A.foodB.bicycleC.friendD.money()6.(2009·成都)Johnalwayssaysthathelikesapplesofallthe______.A.vegetablesB.fruitsC.drinks()7.(2009·江西)---Youlookworried.What’syour___?---IhavetroublelearningEnglish.A.nameB.questionC.problemD.job()8.(2009·南京)--Oh,myGod!Wehavemissedthelastbus.Whatshallwedo?--I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.A.choiceB.decisionC.reasonD.information()9.(2009·河南)Ilike_______alot,andmymotherusuallycooksitindifferentways.A.fishB.butterC.potatoesD.noodles()10.(2009·宜昌)--Inmyopinion,Chinahasmore______todealwiththediseaseofA/H1N1.--Iquiteagreewithyou.Chinesemedicineworkswell.A.advantagesB.interestsC.equipmentsD.materials()11.(2009·娄底)—It’ssaidthatyouhavemovedintoanewhouse.—Yeah,andweneedtobuysome_______inthemallnearby.A.foodB.furnitureC.hamburger()12.(2009·孝感)Allthe_______teachersenjoyedthemselvesonMarch8th,becauseitwastheirownholiday.A.manB.menC.womanD.women()13.(2009·湖北孝感)Emma,whoareyoutaking_________ofathome?—Mygrandma,shegothurtinanaccident.A.placeB.partC.seatD.care()14.(2009·山西)--HowcanIseethicksnowinmostnorthernpartsofChina?--Youhavetowaittill______comes,Steve.A.summerB.autumnC.winter()15.(2009·山西)Let’sgetsome______abouttourismontheInternet.A.informationB.messageC.invention()16.(2009·无锡)_____theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare_____teachers.A.Anumberof;womenB.Anumberof;womanC.Thenumberof;womenD.Thenumberof;woman()17.(2009·绥德)Mikeandhisfriendaregoingtothe_______toseethe