(生态学及生物圈之介绍)

Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsPowerPointLecturesforBiology,SeventhEditionNeilCampbellandJaneReeceLecturesbyChrisRomeroChapter50AnIntroductiontoEcologyandtheBiosphere(生態學及生物圈之介紹)Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsKeyConcepts(基本觀念)50.1:Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheenvironment.(生態學是研究生物與環境間之互動)50.2:Interactionsbetweenorganismsandtheenvironmentlimitthedistributionofspecies.(生物與環境間之互動限制物種之分佈)50.3:Abioticandbioticfactorsinfluencethestructureanddynamicsofaquaticbiomes.(非生物與生物因子影響水生生物之結構與動態)50.4:Climatelargelydeterminesthedistributionandstructureofterrestrialbiomes.(氣候決定陸生生物之結構與分佈)Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsOverview:TheScopeofEcology(生態學的範疇)•Overview:TheScopeofEcology•Ecology(生態學)–Isthescientificstudyoftheinteractions(互動)betweenorganismsandtheenvironment•Theseinteractions(互動)–Determineboththedistribution(分佈)oforganismsandtheirabundance(豐度)Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings•Ecology(生態學)–Isanenormouslycomplexandexcitingareaofbiology.–Revealstherichnessofthebiosphere(生物圈).Figure50.1.TherichnessofthebiosphereevidentinoneareaofaPanamanianforest.Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings•Concept50.1:Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheenvironment•Ecology(生態學)–Hasalonghistoryasadescriptivescience(描述性科學)–Isalsoarigorousexperimentalscience(實驗性科學)–Isanintegrativebiology(整合性生物學).Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsOrganismsandtheEnvironment(生物與環境)•Theenvironmentofanyorganismincludes–Abiotic(非生物性),ornonlivingcomponents:temperature,sunlight,waterandnutrient.–Biotic(生物性),orlivingcomponents:otherorganisms.–Alltheorganismslivingintheenvironment,thebiota(生物相)(Biota,biomass,biomes)Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology(演化生物學)•Eventsthatoccurinecologicaltime–Affectlifeonthescaleofevolutionarytime.Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsEnvironmentalcomponents(環境成份、組成)Affectthedistributionandabundanceoforganisms(影響生物的分佈與豐度).Figure50.2.DistributionandabundanceoftheredkangarooinAustralia,basedonaerialsurvey.Kangaroos/km22010–205–101–50.1–10.1LimitsofdistributionClimateinnorthernAustraliaishotandwet,withseasonaldrought.Redkangaroosoccurinmostsemiaridandaridregionsoftheinterior,whereprecipitationisrelativelylowandvariablefromyeartoyear.SoutheasternAustraliahasawet,coolclimate.SouthernAustraliahascool,moistwintersandwarm,drysummers.TasmaniaCopyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsEcologists(生態學家)Scientistorbiologistusingobservations(觀察)andexperimentstotestexplanations(解釋)forthedistribution(分佈)andabundance(豐度)ofspecies.Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsSubfieldsofEcology(生態學之次領域)•Organismalecology(個體生態學)---Studieshowanorganism’sstructure,physiology,and(foranimals)behaviormeetthechallengesposedbytheenvironment.Figure50.3a.Organismalecology.Howdohumpbackwhalesselecttheircalvingareas?Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsPopulationecology(族群生態學)Concentratesmainlyonfactors(因子)thataffecthowmanyindividualsofaparticularspeciesliveinanarea.Figure50.3b.Populationecology.Whatenvironmentalfactorsaffectthereproductiverateofdeermice?Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsCommunityecology(群聚生態學)Dealswiththewholearrayofinteractingspeciesinacommunity.Figure50.3cCommunityecology.Whatfactorsinfluencethediversityofspecies(種的歧異度)thatmakeupaparticularforest?Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsEcosystemecology(生態系生態學)Emphasizesenergyflow(能量流)andchemicalcycling(化學循環)amongthevariousbioticandabioticcomponents(非生物與生物組成).Figure50.3dEcosystemecology.Whatfactorscontrolphotosyntheticproductivityinatemperategrasslandecosystem(草原生態系)?Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsLandscapeecology(景觀生態學)Dealswitharraysofecosystemsandhowtheyarearrangedinageographicregion(地理位置).Figure50.3e.Landscapeecology.Towhatextentdothetreesliningthedrainagechannelsinthislandscapeserveascorridorsofdispersalforforestanimals?Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsThebiosphere(生物圈)-Istheglobalecosystem,thesumofalltheplanet’secosystems.(全球生態系是地球所有生態系的總和)-TheEarthistheBiosphere1.(地球是生物圈一號)Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings生物圈二號(Biosphere2)定名為生物圈2號，是因為這是模仿第一個生物圈－地球的生態交流所建的第二個生物圈。亦即地球是生物圈1號。生物圈2號建於亞利桑納州的奧拉克爾，金主是德州富豪巴斯，佔地三點一英畝，約五層樓高，是以玻璃和鋼筋與外界隔絕的密閉溫室。裡面經人工規劃成熱帶雨林、熱帶大草原、沼澤、沙漠以及海洋等五種自然環境，擁有千餘種昆蟲、鳥類、動物及魚類，以提供8名研究人員不假外界援助而得獨立生活的自足生活系統，不幸結果卻演變成充滿二氧化碳和氮氣的惡地，藤蔓叢生，蟑螂、螞蟻和螽斯橫行。Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings生物圈2號内各個组成部分及結構参數區域面積(m2)體積(m3)土壤(m3)水分(m3)大氣(m3)集約農業區20003800027206035220居住区區1000110002110997熱帶雨林200035000600010028900熱帶草原/海洋/沼澤2500490004000340041600沙漠140022000400040017600西肺1800150000015000南肺180015750075015000註:上述两“肺”的體積僅為止其完全膨漲的50%Copyright©2005PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminC