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四川大学英语2009-2010（A卷）（一）英译汉：1.Bridgepier桥墩2.hardeningprocess硬化过程3.falsework脚手架4.preliminarydesign初步设计5.surface-activeagent表面活化剂6.Staticload静载7.Retainingwall挡土墙8.Two-dimensional二维9.matfoundation席式地基；筏形基础10.Slipform滑模11.cofferdam围堰12.windtunnel风洞（二）汉译英：1.钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete2.高层建筑highrise3.剪力墙shearwall4.应力/应变stress/strain5.极限抗压/抗拉强度ultimatecompressive/tensilestrength6.抗压强度compressivestrength7.悬索桥suspensionbridge8.超静定结构staticallyindeterminatestructure9.拉/压/弯/剪/扭tension/compression/bend/shear/torsion10.水灰比water-to-cementratio11.承台cushioncap12.弹性模量elasticitymodulus13.中性轴neutralaxis1.Civilengineeringisabranchofengineeringthatdealswiththedesignandconstructionofstructuresthatareintendedtobestationary,suchasbuildingsandhouses,tunnels,bridges,canals,highways,airports,portfacilities,androadbedsforrailroads.【土木工程是工程学的一个分支，它主研究各种固定建筑物的设计和建造，包括建筑、房屋、隧道、桥梁、河道、公路、机场、港口设施以及铁路路基的设计和修建。】Amongitssubdivisionsarestructuralengineering,dealingwithpermanentstructures;hydraulicengineering,dealingwiththeflowofwaterandotherfluids;andenvironment/sanitaryengineering,dealingwithwatersupply,waterpurification,andsewersystem,aswellasurbanplanninganddesign.【它又可分为结构工程，主要研究永久性建筑；水利工程，主要研究水和其他流体的流动；环境/卫生工程，主要研究水的供应、净化和排水系统，以及城市规划与设计。】Theterm“civilengineering”originallycameintousetodistinguishitfrommilitaryengineering.Civilengineeringdealtwithpermanentstructuresforcivilianuses,whereasmilitaryengineeringdealtwithtemporarystructuresformilitaryuses.【使用“土木工程”这个词的目的是要将其与军事工程相区别。土木工程涉及民用的永久性建筑；而军事工程主要研究军用的临时性建筑。】2.Mechanicsofmaterialsisabranchofappliedmechanicsthatdealswiththebehaviorofsolidbodiessubjectedtovarioustypesofloading.【材料力学是应用力学的一个分支，涉及受不同类型载荷的固体的性能。】Itisafieldofstudythatisknownbyavarietyofnames,including“strengthofmaterials”and“mechanicsofdeformablebodies.”【这是一个有多种名称的研究领域，包括：“材料强度”，“易变形体的力学”。】Thesolidbodiesconsideredinthisbookincludeaxially-loadedbars,shafts,beams,andcolumns,aswellasstructuresthatareassembliesofthesecomponents.【本书中研究的固体包括受轴向载荷的杆，轴，梁，圆柱和由这些零件装配的机构。】Usuallytheobjectiveofouranalysiswillbethedeterminationofthestresses,strains,anddeformationsproducedbytheloads;ifthesequantitiescanbefoundforallvaluesofloaduptothefailureload,thenwewillhaveobtainedacompletepictureofthemechanicalbehaviorofthebody.【一般情况下，我们研究的目的是测定因受载而引起的应力，应变和变形；如果当所有负荷量达到破坏载荷时，能够测得这些物理量，我们就可能得到一份完整的固体力学性能图。】3.Greaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotswaybeyondanacceptablelimit.【高层建筑需要加大柱和梁的尺寸，保证建筑物在风荷载下的侧移值不超过规范的限度。】Excessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings,andotherarchitecturaldetails.【过大的侧向偏移可能会导致严重后果，例如使天花板及其他建筑构件收到损伤。】Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecauseoftheirperceptionofsuchmotion.【此外，过多的晃动可能会导致居住者的不适。】Structuralsystemsofreinforcedconcrete,aswellassteel,takefulladvantageoftheinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforedonotrequireadditionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.【钢筋混凝土结构的系统，以及钢结构，可以充分利用自身固有的潜在刚度，因此不需要额外加劲来限制侧移。】……【书P28第四课第三段】4.Allbricksareverymuchstrongerincompressionthanintension,andtheirtensilestrengthissolowthattheyareunsuitableforresistingforceswhichwouldproducetension.【所有砖块的受压能力要比它的受拉能力强的多，它们的抗拉强度很低以至于不适合用来抵抗拉力。】Itisnotpossibletoobtainanaccurateestimateofthestrengthofbrickworkincompressionbytestingtodestructionofindividualbricks,sincethenatureofthemortar,thequalityoftheworkmanship,allhaveaninfluenceonstrength.【通过砖的破坏实验来获得砖体的准确估计抗压强度是不可能的，由于砂浆的性质，做工工艺都会对其强度产生影响。】5.Themannerinwhichstructuresacttocarryandtransfertheirloadsandthedeformationmodestheyassumeiscalledstructuralbehavior.【结构起着传递和转移它们自身荷载和这种它们呈现的变形模式叫做结构的性能。】FromanEngineeringpointofview,thepurposeofmoststructuresistotransmitcertainloadsfromtheirpointsofapplicationtothepointofsupport,usuallytheground.【从工程学的角度来看，大多数结构的目的是把某些荷载从它们的作用点传递到支撑点处，通常是传递到地面。】Inthecaseofbridge,vehiclesorpedestriansconstitutetheloadsandtheweightofthesemustbetransmittedthroughthestructuretothebridgeabutmentsorintermediatepiers.【就桥梁来说，荷载是由车辆或者步行者构成的，这些荷载通过结构的作用被传递到了桥台或者中间墩处。】Inabuilding,theweightofcontentsistransmittedbymeansoffloorstothebeams,fromthesetothecolumnsandfinallydowntothefoundations.【在建筑物中，它所含之物的重量是依靠板传给梁，再从梁传给柱，最后向下传给基础。】6.Themainprobleminthedesignofthefoundationsofamulti-storeybuildingunderwhichthesoilsettlesistokeepthetotalsettlementofthebuildingwithinreasonablelimits,butspeciallytoseethattherelativesettlementfromonecolumntothenextisnotgreat.【设计安放在土中的多层建筑基础的主要问题是控制建筑物的总沉降量在适当的范围内，但特别要注意的是柱与柱之间的相对沉降量不要太大。】While,inthecourseofdesigningastructure,youhavetotakeintoconsiderationwhatkindofloadstructurewillbesubjectedto,whereonthestructureisappliedsuddenlyorgradually.【然而，在结构设计的过程中，你不得不考虑到结构将受到怎样的荷载，荷载将作用在什么部位，它是偶然加载的还是逐步加载的。】Theloadsastructureissubjectedtoaredividedintodeadloads,whichincludetheweightsofallthepartsofstructure,andliveloads,whichareduetotheweightsofpeople,movableequipment,etc.【结构上受到的荷载分为由所有结构的自重产生的静荷载和由人的重量、移动的设备等产生的活荷载。】7.Adamisastructurebuiltacrossastream,river,orestuarytoretainwater.【堤坝是横跨溪流、河流或河口建造的用来储水的建筑。】Itspurposesaretomeetdemandsforwaterforhumanconsumption,