前言Familiaritybreedscontempt.ThiswastrueforthefoxinAesop’sfablewhoserespectandfearforthemightylionwasdulledbyseeinghimdayafterday.Arguablythesamehasoccurredwithourattitudetodiabetes.Wehopethatthiscollectionofreviewsbyleadingresearchersindiabeteswillhelprectifythissituation.熟生蔑。伊索寓言里面的狐狸正是如此,它对狮子的尊重和害怕随着见到狮子的次数增多而日渐减少。同样的问题发生在我们对糖尿病的态度上,我们希望糖尿病研究领域的主要研究者发表的这些论文汇集可以帮助改正这种情形。DiabetesissoprevalentthatallreadersofthisInsightwillknowseveraldiabetics,atleastoneofwhomwillbeinjectinginsulintokeeptheirconditionundercontrol.Atbase,diabetesiscausedbyfailuretomaintainastablelevelofbloodglucoseinthefaceofthenormalfluctuationsofsupplyanddemand.However,thecausesofthisrelativelystraightforwarddysfunctionareanythingbutsimple,anddiabetesisnotonebutaspectrumofdisorders.糖尿病是这么的普遍,以至于这篇洞察文章的所有阅者都将知道几个糖尿病患者,至少他们中的一个将需要通过注射胰岛素保持血糖环境在控制范围内。本质上,糖尿病原因是由于机体在面对正常血液流动的供需时不能维持一个稳定的血糖水平。然而,这个相对直接的功能障碍的原因一点也不简单,糖尿病不是一个而是一系列的紊乱。Thefollowingarticlesdiscussbothtype1diabetes,inwhichtheinsulinproducingcellsinthepancreasarekilledearlyinlife,andthemoreinsidioustype2diabetes,wheredailyenvironmentalanddietarystressesoverloadandultimatelydestroythebody’ssystemsforregulatingbloodglucose.Boththeseforms,ifuncontrolled,canleadtoseverecomplicationssuchasheartdisease,kidneyfailure,blindnessandevenlossoflimbs.Thedebateoverthebiochemicalcausesofthesecomplicationsandthebestwaystopreventtheirdevelopmentisalsoreflectedinthesepages.下面的文章讨论了1型糖尿病(在生命早期胰岛中产生胰岛素的细胞被杀死)和潜伏性更强的2型糖尿病(日常生活、饮食压力负荷过大最终破坏了调控血糖的系统)。这两类糖尿病,如果不能有效控制,将会引发严重的并发症,如心脏病、肾衰竭、失明和四肢瘫痪。引起这些并发症的生化原因以及阻止它们发展的最好方法的讨论,在这些文章中也有提及。Despiteawealthofknowledgeaboutdiabeteswemustnotbecomplacent.TheWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsadoublinginitsincidenceinthenexttwodecades,fuelledpredominantlybymodernlifestylesandanincreasingincidenceofobesity.Itisalsoacquiringavarietyofnewnames,includingmetabolicsyndrome,syndromeX,diabesityandinsulinresistance.Butwhateveritiscalleddiabetesisacomplexandpotentiallydebilitatingconditionwhich,likeAesop’slion,mustbetakenveryseriously.尽管关于糖尿病的知识很多,但我们也不能因此满足。世界卫生组织预测在未来20年发病率会增加一倍,主要是因为现代的生活方式和肥胖的增加。因此它也有多种多样的名称,如代谢综合征、X综合征、糖胖病和胰岛素障碍症。但无论它被叫做什么,糖尿病都是一个复杂而且是一种潜在的衰弱条件,正如伊索寓言里的狮子,必须得到重视。WearepleasedtoacknowledgethefinancialsupportofBristol-MyersSquibbinproducingthisInsight.Asalways,Natureretainssoleresponsibilityforeditorialcontentanditspeerreview.我们很开心地答谢美国贵宝公司对本杂志的资金支持。一如既往,《自然》对编辑内容和同行审查保留唯一责任第一篇GlobalandsocietalimplicationsofthediabetesepidemicChangesinhumanbehaviourandlifestyleoverthelastcenturyhaveresultedinadramaticincreaseintheincidenceofdiabetesworldwide.Theepidemicischieflyoftype2diabetesandalsotheassociatedconditionsknownas‘diabesity’and‘metabolicsyndrome’.Inconjunctionwithgeneticsusceptibility,particularlyincertainethnicgroups,type2diabetesisbroughtonbyenvironmentalandbehaviouralfactorssuchasasedentarylifestyle,overlyrichnutritionandobesity.Thepreventionofdiabetesandcontrolofitsmicro-andmacrovascularcomplicationswillrequireanintegrated,internationalapproachifwearetoseesignificantreductioninthehugeprematuremorbidityandmortalityitcauses.“Manmaybethecaptainofhisfate,butheisalsothevictimofhisbloodsugar”WilfridOakley[Trans.Med.Soc.Lond.78,16(1962)]糖尿病流行的全球及社会意义摘要:上个世纪人类行为和生活方式的改变已导致全球糖尿病发病率剧增。这流行病主要是2型糖尿病及与之相关的被称为“肥胖性糖尿病”和“代谢综合征”的身体状况。结合遗传易感性,尤其是在特定的种族群体中,2型糖尿病由环境和诸如久坐不动的生活方式,营养过剩和肥胖等行为因素造成的。如果我们希望它造成的早期发病率和死亡率显著减少,那么糖尿病的预防及它的微/宏血管并发症的控制将需要一个综合的国际化的方法。“人类也许是命运的主人,但是他也是他血糖的受害者”——WilfridOakley[Trans.Med.Soc.Lond.78,16(1962)]Diabetesmellitus,longconsideredadiseaseofminorsignificancetoworldhealth,isnowtakingitsplaceasoneofthemainthreatstohumanhealthinthe21stcentury.Thepasttwodecadeshaveseenanexplosiveincreaseinthenumberofpeoplediagnosedwithdiabetesworldwide2,3.Pronouncedchangesinthehumanenvironment,andinhumanbehaviourandlifestyle,haveaccompaniedglobalization,andthesehaveresultedinescalatingratesofbothobesityanddiabetes.Hencetherecentadoptionoftheterm‘diabesity’4,firstsuggestedbyShafrirseveraldecadesago5.糖尿病,长期以来一直被认为是对世界健康较次要的一种疾病,如今被视为21世纪人类健康的主要威胁之一[1]。在过去的二十年里,全球被确诊为糖尿病的患者的数量暴增[2,3]。随着全球化,人类环境、行为和生活方式发生了明显的变化,这也导致肥胖及糖尿病发病率逐步上升。近期采用的“糖胖症”这一术语[4]是由Shafrir于几十年前首次提出[5]。Therearetwomainformsofdiabetes6.Type1diabetesisdueprimarilytoautoimmune-mediateddestructionofpancreaticb-cellislets,resultinginabsoluteinsulindeficiency.Peoplewithtype1diabetesmusttakeexogenousinsulinforsurvivaltopreventthedevelopmentofketoacidosis.Itsfrequencyislowrelativetotype2diabetes,whichaccountsforover90%ofcasesglobally.Type2diabetesischaracterizedbyinsulinresistanceand/orabnormalinsulinsecretion,eitherofwhichmaypredominate.Peoplewithtype2diabetesarenotdependentonexogenousinsulin,butmayrequireitforcontrolofbloodglucoselevelsifthisisnotachievedwithdietaloneorwithoralhypoglycaemicagents.糖尿病有两种主要的类型[6]。1型糖尿病主要是由于胰岛B细胞岛自身免疫受损导致胰岛素的严重缺乏。1型糖尿病患者必须注射外源胰岛素以预防酮酸毒症的发展进而存活下来。与患病率超过全球90%的2型糖尿病相比,1型糖尿病的患病率相对较低。2型糖尿病的特点是胰岛素耐受性和/或胰岛素分泌异常,两种其一都可能占主导地位。2型糖尿病患者并不依赖外源性胰岛素,但在仅靠日常饮食调节和口服降血糖药剂都不能实现血糖水平的稳定的情况下就需要它来控制血糖水平的稳定Thediabetesepidemicrelatesparticularlytotype2diabetes,andistakingplacebothindevelopedanddevelopingnations7.Paradoxic