专题十动词的被动语态网络知识清单主动语态被动语态动词的语态主动形式表被动意义被动形式表主动意义常考点清单一被动语态的构成及用法一、被动语态的构成1.被动语态的基本结构为:be+动词的过去分词2.各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例):时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+doneWecleantheclassroom.Theclassroomiscleanedbyus.一般过去时didwas/were+doneHemadethekite.Thekitewasmadebyhim.现在进行时am/is/are+doingam/is/are+beingdoneSheiswateringflowers.Flowersarebeingwateredbyher.现在完成时have/has+donehave/has+beendoneJimhasfinishedthework.TheworkhasbeenfinishedbyJim.一般将来时will/shall/begoingto+dowill/shall/begoingto+bedoneTheywillplanttreestomorrow.Treeswillbeplantedbythemtomorrow.过去进行时was/were+doingwas/were+beingdoneShewaswritingaletterthistimeyesterday.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbyherthistimeyesterday.过去完成时had+donehad+beendoneJimhadfinishedthework.TheworkhadbeenfinishedbyJim.过去将来时would/should/begoingto+dowould/should/begoingto+bedoneHesaidhewouldmakeakite.Hesaidakitewouldbemadebyhim.含有情态动词can/may/must+docan/may/must+bedoneIcanfindhim.Hecanbefoundbyme.二、被动语态的用法在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:ThiswatchismadeinChina.2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.4.句子的主语不是人。如:Manyhouseswerewashedawaybytheflood.常考点清单二主动鱼台和被动语态的转换一、主动语态变为被动语态1.要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语时人称代词,要将宾语变成主语。2.把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格代词变成宾格代词,并由by引导。3.谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主语语态:动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态:动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者如:WeaskedhimtosinganEnglishsong.(变为被动语态)HewasaskedtosinganEnglishsongbyus.二、带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化为主语,也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如:Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)→Iwasgivenabookbyher.(间接宾语me改为了主语)Abookwasgiventomebyher.(直接宾语abook改为了主语)三、动词短语变为被动语态许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。但是动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。如:Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)四、带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。如:IheardJaneplayingthepianoinherroom.(变为被动语态)Janewasheardplayingthepianoinherroom.五、变被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等,及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。如:Hemakesthegirlstayathome.(变为被动语态)→Thegirlismadetostayathomebyhim.易混点清单一、主动结构表被动意义1.open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。如:Thiskindofpenwritesverysmoothly.这种钢笔写起来很流畅。Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere.这种样式的衬衫在这卖得很好。2.look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。如:Uniformslookuglyonus.我们穿着制服很难看。Mooncakestastedelicious.月饼尝起来很好吃。3.beworthdoing用主动表被动意义。如:Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得读一读。4.“want/need/require+doing”相当于“want/need/require+tobedone”。tobedone表示不定式的被动结构。如:Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.我的自行车需要修理。二、不用被动语态的情况1.主动句的宾语时eachother或反身代词时,不能用于被动语态。如:ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.White.(主动语态)那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。HimselfwasintroducedasMr.White.(误)TheyhelpeachotherstudyEnglish.(主动语态)他们互相帮助学习英语。EachotherishelpedstudyEnglish.(误)2.当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时,不能用于被动语态。如:We’llhaveameeting.(主动语态)我们将要开一个会。Ameetingwillbehadbyus.(误)3.主动句的宾语时不定式或动名词时,不能用作被动语态中的主语。如:MybrotherenjoyswatchingTV.(主动语态)我弟弟喜欢看电视。WatchingTVisenjoyedbymybrother.(误)Heaskedtohaveatry.(主动语态)他请求试一试。Tohaveatrywasasked.(误)三、被动语态和系表结构的区别1.被动语态表示以主语为动作的承受者,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如:Theshopisclosedat9:00p.m.(动作)这家商店晚上9点钟关门。Theshopisclosedtoday.这家商店今天不开门。2.系表结构中的过去分词常有固定的介词搭配,被动语态结构中则没有。如:MissWangissatisfiedwithus.(系表结构)王老师对我们很满意。3.系表结构中的过去分词可以被副词修饰。如:She’ssoworriedaboutherexams.(系表结构)她非常担心她的考试。4.系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时,而被动语态结构则可用于多种时态。题组训练根据汉语提示完成句子。○1Thiskindofpants_____well.这种裤子卖得好。○2Thatstory_____interesting.那个故事听起来有趣。○3Thatnovelisworth_____.那本小说值得读一读。○4Mywatchneeds_____.我的手表需要修理。○5Thisshopis_____at8:00inthemorning.这家商店早上8点开门。