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附录英文参考文献节选GeneralprinciplesforCreditReportingTheWorldBankSeptember,2011IntroductionandExecutiveSummary1.Welllfunctioningfinancialmarketscontributetosustainablegrowthandeconomicdevelopment,becausetheytypicallyprovideanefficientmechanismforevaluatingriskandreturntoinvestment,andthenmanagingandallocatingrisk.Financialinfrastructure(FI)isacorepartofallfinancialsystems.Thequalityoffinancialinfrastructuredeterminestheefficiencyofintermediation,theabilityoflenderstoevaluateriskandofconsumerstoobtaincredit,insuranceandotherfinancialproductsatcompetitiveterms.Creditreportingisavitalpartofacountry’sfinancialinfrastructureandisanactivityofpublicinterest.2.Creditreportingaddressesafundamentalproblemofcreditmarkets:asymmetricinformationbetweenborrowersandlenders,whichmayleadtoadverseselection,creditrationing,andmoralhazardproblems.Regulatorsandfinancialmarketparticipantsarethereforeincreasinglyrecognizingthevalueofcreditreportingsystemsforimprovedcreditriskandoverallcreditportfoliomanagement,toenhancefinancialsupervisionandfinancialsectorstability,andasatooltoenhanceaccesstocredit.3.Incompetitivemarkets,thebenefitsofcreditreportingactivitiesarepassedontoborrowersintheformofalowercostofcapital,whichhasapositiveinfluenceonproductiveinvestmentspending.Improvedinformationflowsalsoprovidethebasisforfact-basedandquickcreditassessments,thusfacilitatingaccesstocreditandotherfinancialproductstoalargernumberofborrowerswithagoodcredithistory(i.e.goodrepaymentprospects).4.Whilecreditreportingsystemsaredevelopingrapidlyacrosstheworld,therearenoprinciplestosystematicallyguidethevariousstakeholdersindealingwiththechallengesassociatedwiththedevelopmentandday-to-dayoperationandimprovementofthesesystems.TheCreditReportingStandardsSettingTaskForcewaslaunchedbytheWorldBank,withthesupportoftheBankforInternationalSettlements,tofillthiscriticalgap,aimingtoprovideacoresetofgeneralprinciplestoguidetheseeffortsinanygivenjurisdiction.5.Thegeneralprinciplesareintendedforpolicymakers,regulators,financialsupervisors,creditreportingdataproviders,creditreportingserviceproviders,theusersofsuchservices,andindividualsandbusinesseswhosecredithistoriesandidentificationdataarestoredinthesesystems(thelattertwoarereferredtoas“datasubjects”throughoutthereport).Inadditiontotheprinciples,theTaskForcehasalsodevelopedasetofspecificroles,oneforeachofthestakeholdersincreditreportingsystems,aswellasrecommendationsforeffectiveoversightofcreditreportingsystems.6.Theprinciplesandrelatedrolesdefinetheminimumelementsunderlyingasound,efficientandeffectivecreditreportingsystem.Differentmarketsaroundtheworldareatdifferentstagesintermsofthedevelopmentoftheirowncreditreportingsystems,andtheTaskForcerecognizesthatwhilecreditreportingsystemsinsomejurisdictionswillalreadyfulfillsomeorprobablyevenmostoftheprinciples,inothersobservanceoftheprincipleswillneedmediumtolong-termefforts.7.Thereportbuildsonpreviousworkintheareaofcreditreportingandrelatedfieldssuchasdataprotectionandcreditriskmanagement.TheWorldBankGroup,throughtheGlobalCreditBureauProgramandtheWesternHemisphereCreditReportingInitiative,hasanalyzedissuesaffectingthecreationandoverallfunctioningofdomesticcreditreportingsystems,andtheircontinuousdevelopmentthroughreforms.OtherrelevantworkincludesthatoftheBaselCommitteeonBankingSupervision(mainlytheBaselCapitalAccord),theworkdevelopedbytheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)throughtheWorkingGrouponCreditRegisters,theworkoftheInternationalConferenceofDataProtectionandPrivacyCommissionerswhichhasdebatedtheroleofprivacyanddataprotectionfromabroadperspectiveincludingcreditreporting,theprivacyframeworksdevelopedbyTheEuropeanUnion,APECandOECD,andtheworkconductedbytheEuropeanCommissionDirectorateGeneralonInternalMarketsandServicesregardingthechallengesofcross-bordercreditdataflowsinthecontextofcreditreporting.KeyConsiderationsConcerningCreditReportingandtheGeneralPrinciples8.Thekeyconsiderationsconcerningcreditreportingsystemscanbebroadlygroupedaroundthefollowingtopics:i)data;ii)dataprocessing;iii)governancearrangementsandriskmanagement;iv)legalandregulatoryenvironment;and,v)cross-borderdataflows.TheGeneralPrinciplesareorganizedaroundthesefivetopics.ThesefiveGeneralPrinciplesaimatthefollowingpublicpolicyobjectivesforcreditreportingsystems:Creditreportingsystemsshouldeffectivelysupportthesoundandfairextensionofcreditinaneconomyasthefoundationforrobustandcompetitivecreditmarkets.Tothisend,creditreportingsystemsshouldbesafeandefficient,andfullysupportiveofdatasubject/consumerrights.9.Informationqualityisthebasicbuildingblockofaneffectivecreditreportingenvironment.Accuracyofdataimpliesthatsuchdataisfreeoferror,truthful,completeanduptodate.Inaccuratedatamayleadtonumerousproblems,includingunjustifiedloandenialsorhigherborrowingcosts.Qualityalsomeansthatdataissufficientandadequate,implyingthat:i)relevantdetailedinformationiscaptured,includingnegativeaswellaspositivedata;ii)informationfromasmanyrelevantsourcesisgathered,withinthelimitsestablishedbylaw;iii)informationissufficientintermsoftheperiodoverw