中学英语语法并列句中学英语教学资源网→教学文摘→中学英语语法并列句2011-11-27(一)何谓并列结构一个英语句子有时候具有两个或两个以上相互连接而又属于同一层次即具有相同句法功能的语言结构,这种结构称为并列结构。并列结构通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上平行的词、词组或分词:Arewetohavethespeechcontesttodayortomorrow?(并列连词or连接两个平行的单词)YoucangotoBeijingeitherbytrainorbyplane.(并列连词either…or连接两个平行的词组)Hurryup,orweshallbelateforthelecture.(or连接两句分句)并列成分有时候不用逗号而用连词加以连接;一般讲,逗号用来连接平行的单词居多:Fuel,rice,oil,salt——thesearechiefdailynecessitiesoflife.(柴米油盐——这些是主要的生活日用品。)在现代英语里,逗号常被用来连接两个短的独立分句,如Heisabsent,heisill.实际上,这两个简短的独立分句含有因果关系,这个逗号等于从属连词because,用逗号来取代使引文更为简炼。(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别引导并列结构的并列连词有and,or,but,so,for,nor等,并列连词包括关联连词both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas,asmuchas等。并列连词也包括连接性副词,如however,hence,therefore,besides,moreover,yet,anyway,consequently,still,nevertheless,allthesame等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别:1.位置上的区别连接两个独立的分句时,并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首,前面通常有逗号:LopezleftForWoodside(美新译西州一城市)thedaybeforeyesterday,andhewon'tbebacktillthee初一名师讲堂初二名师讲堂初三全科复习高一名师讲堂高二名师讲堂高考全科强化·中学英语课件下载·中学英语试题下载·中学英语教案下载ndofthemonth.Imustworkharder,forIstillhavealongwaytogo.Payhimback,orhewillbringasuitagainstyou.(快还他钱,不然他要向你起诉。)Theyallwent,butIdidn't(go).连接性副词的位置较灵活,既可放在句首,也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多:Fatherisill;therefore,hedoesn'tgotoworktoday.置于句首Fatherisill;he,therefore,doesn'tgotoworktoday.置于句首Fatherisill;hedoesn'tgoworktoday,therefore.置于句末2.用法的区别两个并列连词不可以连用:OscarandIgototheclubeverySaturdayevening,andbutweplaybridgethere.(根据句意,应把but划掉。)但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用:Heisnotinfavoroftheplan,andyetheraisednoobjection.(三)一些常见并列连词的用法1.and(1)表示动作或事物的先后Iheardacrashandwentouttoseewhathadhappened.Thepicturesandthesoundarerelayedbythecommunicationsatellites.Andtheyarereceivedinallpartsoftheworld.注意,and也可置于独立分开的分句句首。(2)表示意义上的增补Therelationsbetweenthetwocountriesareimproving:atradeagree——menthasbeensignedandaculturalexchange(hasbeen)arranged.and连接的分句aculturalexchange(hasbeen)arranged在意义上增补前面的分句atradeagreementhasbeensigned。(3)表示意义上的转折或让步Hetriedhard,and(=andyet)hefailedtogetthejob.掌握and的这一用法,便能正确理解下面一句在西方极为流行的谚语:Youcan'teatyourcakeandhaveit.显然,这里的and=andyet,表示意义上的转折,指你可不能又要把蛋糕吃下肚同时又要把它保持下来,即“不能两全其美”之意。(4)表示对照Jackiscleverand(=but)Janeisdull.(5)表示对第一分句的评注Johnfailedtopasstheentranceexamination,andthat'stoobad.(6)and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词可以表示数量众多的含意InHolland,everywhereyougo,youfindwaterandwater.and在口语体中还经常被用来连接两个比较级的形容词或副词,表示“越来越……”这一逐步增强的含义:Thewindblewharderandharder.and连接两个比较级副词,表示“风刮得越来越大”。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.and连接两个比较级形容词,表示“天气越来越热”。在讲话中and也常用来连接两个或两个以上相同的动词,表示动作的不断重复或持续进行:Wetalkedandtalkedtillitwasmidnight.连续不断的动作有时也可由and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词或具有“继续”含义的相同小品词来表示:“Sailonandonandon,”saidColumbustothesailors.Thatnight,wetalkedforhoursandhourstillthedaybroke.forhoursandhours意义上=foraverylongtime.Wewalkedformilesandmilestillitwasdark,andthenwewenthome.formilesandmiles相等于foraverylongdistance.(7)当and连接两个形容词,而前面的形容词是nice,good,fine或rare时,and加上它前面的形容词实质上变成副词,对后面的形容词表示修饰的从属关系:Theroomisniceandcozy.niceandcozy=verycozyIt'sgoodandcooloutside.goodandcool=quitecoolThechildrenarefineandjoyfulinthenursery.fineandjoyful=finelyjoyful,即veryjoyful。Thegirlisrareandbeautiful.rareandbeautiful=rarelybeautiful,即uncommonlybeautiful(美得出奇)。and的这种用法在口语中很普通。(8)and连接祈使句和陈述句以表示条件,即祈使句+and=if:Pressthebuttonandthemachinerunsbyitself.祈使句陈述句(=Ifyoupressthebutton,themachinewillrunbyitself.)Makeanothereffortandyouwillsucceed.祈使句陈述句(=Ifyoumakeanothereffort,youwillsucceed.)注意两点:a.在口语中,有时可省去and以逗号代之:Taketheoffer,youwillneverregretit.b.祈使句中的动词有时也可省去:Anothereffort,andyouwillsucceed.another前的动词make省略。OnemorewordandI'llknockyouflat(摆平你)。one前面的动词say也被省略。(9)and连接某些动词(包括某些词组)和另一动词以表示目的,结构为:动词(必须原形式)+and+动词(也是原形式)。一般有以下这些动词:go/come/run/mind/learn/send/try/stay/stop/write/remember/takecare/besure在上列结构中and=不定式符号to,故表示目的。如:Tryandget(=Trytoget)theworkdonetoday.Themeetingisveryimportant.Youmustmindandarrive(=mindtoarrive)punctually.I'llwriteandthankhim(=writetothankhim).Youlookill.You'dbettergoandsee(=gotosee)adoctor.在现代口语里,go(或come)andsee中的and往往都被省略,如“I'llgoaskher.”和“I'llgoseemybrother.”(10)and的一些常见习惯用法a.andthat+副词andthat用来代表前面分句中的整个谓语以避免重复。这是一种强势句法。试比较下列三组例句:Somethingmustbedoneaboutitwithoutdelay.*Somethingmustbedoneaboutit,andthatwithoutdelay.andthat代表mustbedoneaboutit,是强势式。HespeaksSpanishverywell.*HespeaksSpanish,andthatverywell.andthat代表speaksSpanish,是强势式Hewillcomesoon*Hewillcome,andthatsoon.andthat代表willcome,是强势b.andall用于俗语,作“等等”,“以及其他一切”解:Tosavethelittleboyfromdrowning,themanjumpedintotheriver,clothesandall(衣服等一概未脱)。Thefireburntthebooks,clothes,furnitureandall.(那场火把书籍“衣服”家俱以及其他所有东西统统烧光了。)c.andallthat用于口语,意思是“等等”;“诸如此类的东西”。(=andotherthingsofthatkind)Youcangetpaper,ink,chalkandallthatinthelittlestoreatthestreetcorner.(在街上拐角的那家小商店里可以买到纸张、墨水、粉笔之类的东西。)Youhavereallybeenverykindtome,myheartythanksandallthat.(你对我确实是深情厚谊,我衷心地感谢你,不一一地讲了。)d.andsoon;andsoforth;andsoonandsoforth以上三式意义相同,都作“等等”;“如此等等”解:Themarcherscarriedbanners,balloons,models,charts,bouquetsandsoon.(游行的人们拿着旗帜、汽球、模型、图表、花束等等东西。)e.andthelike作“之类”;“等等”解:IntheKindergarten,thechildrenlearnsinging,dancing,drawing,andthelike.f.andthensome这一句习惯用语在美国口语里常用;意思是“此外还有许多”;“还有好多好多”:Myunclegavemetwopencils,apencilsharpener,aru