中文与英文的比较ContrastiveStudy中西文化对比

LectureOneContrastiveStudyofChineseandEnglishLanguageDifferenceFromStructure1.英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化.English:gender,number,case,tense,voice,mood,degreeofcomparison,personandpartsofspeech.汉语:数量助词,动态助词,结构助词比较：我给了他一本书.Igavehimabook.他给了我两本书.Hehasgivenmetwobooks.他爸爸常常给他一些书.Hisfatheroftengiveshimbooks2.英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定.NotafingerdidIlayonhim.我从没有指责过他.他被剥夺了权利之后,只好离职,流落他乡.Hehadtoquitthepositionandwentinexile,havingbeendeprivedofhispower.3.英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion绝不takeachair请坐/就坐takethechair主持会议/做主席ahundredandone很多onehundredandone一百零一Shewaswithachild.她带着一个孩子。Shewaswithchild.她怀孕了。Theyarestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的学生。Theyarethestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的全部学生。Ihavelivedhereformorethanayear.我在这儿住了一年多了。Ihavelivedhereforemorethanoneyear.我在这儿住了超过一年了。4.汉语有丰富多彩的助词.吧今天不会下雨吧?Itisn’tgoingtoraintoday,isit?你好好想想吧!Justthinkitover.明天就明天吧.Allright,let’smakeittomorrow.咱们走吧.Let’sgo.打吧,打不下去;跑吧,跑不了,敌人只好投降.Unabletofightonortoescape,theenemywereforcedtosurrender.5.英语常用介词,汉语则少用介词.Whatisheat?他正在干什么?JohnvotedwiththeTories.John投票支持保守党.Heisamanabovevulgarinterests.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人Itlooksasifweareinforastorm.看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了.FromIntonation1.英语是语调语言,语音表意手段主要是语调和重音.Youmayˊnotgo.你不可以去.Youˊmaynotgo.你可以不去.YousaidhewouldCOME.YousaidheWOULDcome.YousaidHEwouldcome.YouSAIDhewouldcome.YOUsaidhewouldcome.2.汉语是声调语言,语音表意手段主要是声调.我的衣服／我的姨夫我爱马／我挨骂我叫他去。I’llaskhimtogo.I’llgoandcallhim.我想起来了。I’llgetup.I’vethoughtitout..3.汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对:对偶,排比,反复,叠音Translate:重重叠叠山，曲曲弯弯路，叮叮咚咚泉，高高下下树Escalatingmountains,meanderingpaths,tinklingspringsandinterspersingtrees.行行过太行,OnandonpastTaihangwewalk迢迢赴延安.ByandbytoYananwemakeourway细细问故旧,Againandagainwitholdfriendswetalk星星数鬓斑.Onebyonewecountourhairsgrey.FromMeaning1.ChinesegrammarisflexiblewhileEnglishgrammarisrigid.1).汉语是意合语言,以神统形,注重逻辑,隐形连贯.人不犯我,我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.人到事中迷,就怕没人提.Whenamanislostinalabyrinth,whatheneedsbadlyisahint.Asyousow,sowillyoureap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆Heissmartasarule,butthistimeafool.聪明一世，糊涂一时Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.物极必反Birdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分远在天边，近在眼前。Righthere.一言既出，驷马难追。Whatissaidcannotbeunsaid.耳听为虚，眼见为实。Seeingisbelieving.差之毫厘，谬之千里。Amissisasgoodasamile.佛要金装，人要衣装。Finefeathersmakefinebirds.Thereisnodifferencebutdifferenceofdegreesbetweendifferentdegreesofdifferenceandnodifference.实为五十步笑百步是也.2).英语是形合语言,必须使用关联词,以形式连接词语句去了也白去。Evenifyougothereitwouldn’tdoanygood.无事不登三宝殿。Iwouldn’tcometoyouifIhadn’tsomethingtoaskofyou.喝水不忘掘井人Whenyoudrinkwater,thinkofthosewhodugthewell.2.ChinesehasanoverallperspectivewhileEnglishhasanindividualviewpoint.英语:重理性、重分析、重个体、严谨汉语:重感性、重悟性、重整体、含蓄门吱呀一声开了,进来一个人.Thedoorsqueaksopenandincomesaperson.人生来平等。Allmenarecreatedequal.做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。Itisdifficultforeveryonetoliveinthisworld,esp.afamouswoman.Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。Nodiscord,noconcord.不打不相识;不打不成交Theenemyadvances,weretreat;theenemycampsweharass;theenemytires,weattack;theenemyretreats,wepursue.敌进我退,敌驻我扰,敌疲我打,敌退我追.Whenthoseabovebehaveunworthily,thosebelowwilldothesame.上梁不正下梁歪。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.不到黄河心不死。无官一身轻Onewhohasnoofficialdutieshasalightheart.3.ChineselanguageisimplicitandconcisewhileEnglishlanguageisexplicitandelaborate.长夜横枕意心歪,斜月三更门半开，短命到今无口信,肝肠望断没人来。FigureofSpeechPun双关语:Theuseofawordinsuchawayastosuggesttwoormoremeaningsordifferentassociations,ortheuseoftwoormorewordsofthesameornearlythesamesoundwithdifferentmeanings,soastoproduceahumorouseffect.Abicyclecan'tstandonitsownbecauseitistwo-tyred.Hisleftbrainhasnothingrightandhisrightbrainhasnothingleft.Iwasarrestedattheairport.JustbecauseIwasgreetingmycousinJack!AllthatIsaidwasHiJack,butveryloud.OnSunday,theyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.Wemustallhangtogether,orassuredlyweshallallhangseparately.(BenjaminFranklin)Tryoursweetcorn,andyou’llsmilefromeartoear.Isawasawsawasaw.It’sthebuybuytime.Trustus.Over5000earsofexperience.OIC!春蚕不应老，昼夜常怀丝。何惜微躯尽，缠绵自有时。杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。相见时难别亦然，东风无力百花残。春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。“你是萍,……凭---凭什么打我儿子!”“you’remy---mightyfreewithyourfists!Whatrighthaveyoutohitmyson?”WhyisanislandliketheletterT?Becauseitisinthemiddleofwater.WhyareSaturdaysandSundayssostrong?Becausetheyarenotweek/weakdays.Whyisaroomfullofmarriedpeoplelikeanemptyroom?Becausethereisnotasinglepersonthere.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthelawandaniceberg?Oneisjusticewhiletheotherisjustice.WhyisdeathliketheletterE?Becauseitisattheendoflife.WhyaresoldierstiredonApril1st?Becausetheyhavejusthadalongmarch.Whenisanewhatlikeanoldone?Whenitisworn.WhatstartswithT,endswithTandfullofT?Teapot.WhyaremoviestarssocoolBecausetheyhavesomanyfans.Palindrome回文:awordorphrasethatreadsthesamebackwardasforwardaToyotaracecarPutupifIputup!AblewasIereIsawElba.MadaminEden,I’mAdam.NoXinNixon.GirlsbathinginBikini,eyeingboyeyeingBikinionbathinggirl.youcancageaswallow,can'tyou?butyoucan'tswallowacage,canyou?”Thejailmighthavebeentheinfirmary．Theinfirmarymighthavebeenthejail．Experiencewithoutlearningisbetterth