《电力电子电机控制系统仿真技术》洪乃刚第6章.

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第6章交流电机调速系统仿真本章介绍正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)变频调速,以稳态控制为主的VVVF(VariableVoltageVariableFrequency)笼型异步电动机变频调速系统的仿真,以及绕线式异步电动机和永磁同步电动机调速系统的仿真研究。6.1SPWM变频器-异步电动机系统三相交流电动机M由变频器供电,通过调制和驱动单元控制变频器输出电压和频率,从而观察研究电动机变压和变频时的工作情况。6.1.1SPWM变频器-异步电动机系统模型udcucaubcuabtspeedContinuouspowerguiphisqphisdphirqphirdiscisbisaircirbiragABC+-UniversalBridgeUab1UabTeTLsignalrmsRMSSignal(s)PulsesPWMGenerator4MultimeterInMeanMeanValuemir_abcphir_qdis_abcphis_qdwmTeMachinesMeasurementDemux19.55GainDemuxDemuxDemuxDemuxDemuxDCClockTmmABCAsynchronousMachineSIUnits6.1.2SPWM变频器-异步电动机系统仿真例6.1设定直流电源DC为500V,在universalbridge模块对话框选择器件(PowerElectronicdevice)为IGBT/Diodes,其它参数保留预设值。异步电动机参数同例4.4(见表4.7),在负载TL模块中设定0.3秒时加载40N.m,在PWMGenerator模块中设调制度(Modulationindeg)为0.95,正弦波频率(Frequencyofoutputvotlage)为50Hz,载波频率(Carrierfrequency)为1080Hz,模型算法:ode23t逆变器输出电压0.20.2050.210.2150.220.2250.23-600-400-2000200400600time(s)uab(A)电动机转速00.20.40.60.81050010001500t/sn/rpm00.20.40.60.81-100-50050100t/sisa/A电动机定子电流00.20.40.60.81-100-50050100t/sira/A电动机转子电流SPWM变频器供电下的电动机机械特性,图中0-A是电动机的起动过程,B是空载工作点,C是电动机加载后的工作点。输出电压的谐波分析定子磁场-1-0.500.51-1-0.500.51phisdphisq-1-0.500.51-1-0.500.51phirdphirq转子磁场6.2恒压频比控制的异步电动机调速系统交流电机每相定子感应电动势mmNssgCfkNfE1144.41fmgEgE1/fEgmC改变频率就需要同时改变使为固定的常数在变频调速时要保持气隙磁通不变,常采用常数1/fUS的控制,称为VVVF控制恒压频比变频调速系统原理图升降速时间设定用来限制电机的升频速度,避免转速上升过快而造成电流和转矩的冲击,U/F曲线根据频率确定相应的电压以保持压频比不变SPWM和驱动环节产生按正弦脉宽调制的驱动信号控制逆变器和电机。转速开环VVVF系统仿真模型fuucaf(u)ucubcf(u)ubuabf(u)uanicibia50f*HzclockIn1Out1V-FUdUabTeTLgABC+-SPWMBridgesignalrmsRMSSignal(s)PulsesPWMGeneratorMux1Mux3Multimetermis_abcwmTeMachinesDemux9.55GainIn1Out1GIDemuxDemux1DemuxDemuxTmmABCACmotorU/F曲线和V-F模块结构1Out1Saturation1G(VF)Gain1u(f)Fcn11In100)(VffVVfuNNNV0VNf电机额定电压,起动时补偿定子电阻压降的电压,电机额定频率。V-F模块结构u(1)、u(2)、u(3)为三相电压、频率和时间三个变量。汇总输入三个函数模块(Fcn)产生三相调制信号ua、ub、uc,再经Mux1输入PWMGenerator模块产生逆变器UniversalBridge的控制脉冲。]3*4)3(*)2(**2sin[*)1(]3*2)3(*)2(**2sin[*)1()]3(*)2(**2sin[*)1(piuupiuupiuupiuuuupiuucba转速开环VVVF系统模型参数表6.3仿真波形频率给定曲线(GI模块输出)012345601020304050t/sf/Hz0123450500100015002000t/sn/rpm转速上升曲线逆变器输出线电压(RMS)01234560100200300400500t/sUab/V012345-1000100200t/sTe/N.m转矩响应6.2绕线式异步电动机调速系统绕线式异步电动机特点是转子绕组可以外接电阻或附加电势,通过调节外接电阻或附加电势来限制电机的起动电流或调节电机的转速。6.2.1绕线式异步电动机转子串电阻调速绕线式异步电动机转子串电阻调速仿真模型ucubuab1uauABtenc12k4c12k3c12k2c12k1iabciABCv+-v+-v+-Uab40TLStep1StepR1bmir_abcis_abcwmTeMachinesDemux9.55GainTmmABCabcAsynchronousMachineSIUnitsR2cR2bR2aR1cR1a调速电阻设R1=R2=5Ω,在起动1.5秒时接通开关K3和K4,切除三相电阻R2;3秒时接通开关K1和K2,切除全部转子电阻。仿真波形转速00.511.522.533.544.55050010001500time(s)n(r/m)00.511.522.533.544.55050100150200time(s)Te(N.m)转矩转子电流00.511.522.533.544.55-40-20020406080time(s)ir(A)00.511.522.533.544.55-100-50050100time(s)is(A)定子电流6.3.2绕线式异步电动机串级调速系统仿真不控整流器将转子的三相交流转变为直流,经三相晶闸管整流器将直流变换为50Hz的交流电经变压器与电网连接。串调系统中晶闸管整流器工作于有源逆变状态,改变逆变角,可以实现电动机的平滑调速。晶闸管整流器采用了转速、电流的闭环控制,改变转速的设定值即可调节电动机速度。一系统模型ud1ud2iduscusbusausud2ud1uctuatqs1qsqrps1psprContinuouspowerguiis1isgABC+-inverteridiabata0.002s+1i-feed10.002s+1i-Filtv+-ca0blockv+-bcalphav+-abv+-v+-Un*ABCabcThree-PhaseTransformer(TwoWindings)TLScope410.01s+1N-Filtalpha0.01s+1N-Feed5Multimetermir_abcis_abcwmTeMachinesMeasurementDemuxL30/piFcnFcnABC+-Diodei+-i+-ClockTmmABCabcAsynchronousMachineSIUnitsVIPQActive&ReactivePower2VIPQActive&ReactivePower1VIPQActive&ReactivePowerPIcontrollerASRPIcontrollerACRalpha_degABBCCABlockpulses6-Pulse仿真波形转速00.511.522.5050010001500t/sn/rpm00.511.522.50200400600800t/sid/A直流回路电流交流电源电压和电流22.0052.012.0152.022.0252.032.0352.04-400-2000200400t/sus/V,is/Ausis22.0052.012.0152.022.0252.032.0352.04-400-2000200400t/sus/V,is1/Ausis1电机输入电压和电流22.0052.012.0152.022.0252.032.0352.04-400-2000200400t/sua/V,ia/Auaia变压器副边电压和电流电源输出有功和无功功率00.511.522.5-20246810x104t/sPs/W,Qs/VarQsPs00.511.522.502468x104t/sPs/W,Qs/VarPs1Qs1电机输入有功和无功功率00.511.522.5-10123x104t/sPr/W,Qr/VarPrQr变压器副边有功和无功功率串调系统特点分析串调系统功率曲线显示了,在加载后变压器副边的有功功率为“-”,这说明电机转子的转差功率经串调装置输出,并经变压器回馈电源,这是串级调速节能的主要原因。转子在输出有功的同时也产生了较大无功,这使电源输入的无功大于电机输入的无功,因此使整个系统的功率因数下降,这是串级调速系统的不足。6.4永磁同步电动机调速系统仿真永磁同步电动机与普通同步电动机有相同的定子绕组,但是转子用永久磁铁代替了普通同步电动机的直流励磁绕组,因此永磁同步电动机不需要输入直流励磁用的电刷,是无刷电动机。从定子电流波形区分永磁同步电动机有正弦波和梯形波两种,梯形波永磁同步电动机相当于一般直流电动机电枢和励磁互相交换了位置,且变频器代替了直流电动机机械换向器,因此也称为无刷直流电动机(BrushlessDCMotor,BLDM)6.4.1梯形波永磁同步电动机调速原理梯形波永磁同步电动机系统结构开关顺序和电流波形6.4.2梯形波永磁同步电动机调速系统建模uabthetapulse2npn*nicibiaecebeathetampulsegatecontrollerv+-gABC+-UniversalBridgeTeTLTLTmmABCPermanentMagnetSynchronousMachineSignal(s)PulsesPWMGeneratorG1Gain130/piGainDCBusSelectorIn1uc*ASRStatorcurrentis_a(A)Rotorspeedwm(rad/s)Rotoranglethetam(rad)ElectromagnetictorqueTe(N*m)Statorcurrentis_b(A)Statorcurrentis_c(A)StatorbackEMFe_a(V)StatorbackEMFe_b(V)StatorbackEMFe_cV)Controller模块结构1gaten1Scope4Scope3Scope2Scope1floorRoundingFunction=RelationalOperator5=====ANDANDANDANDANDAND1/(2*pi)Gain2u(2)-u(1)*2*pi12*piConstant55*pi/3Constant44*pi/3Constant3piConstant22*pi/3Constant1pi/3Constant2pulse1thetam梯形波永磁同步电动机调速系统模型参数表6.46.4.3梯形波永磁同步电动机调速系统仿真转速响应00.10.20.30.40.505001000150020002500t/sn/rpm0.20.220.240.260.280.3-400-2000200400t/s电机线电压定子A相感应电势0.20.220.240.260.280.3-100-50050100t/sEsa/V0.20.220.240.260.280.3-505ia/A定子A

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