“十二五”现代生物制造科技发展专项规划

LotusHistoryFormulaoneLotuscarmodelsLotusisownedbyProton,whichacquireditfollowingthebankruptcyofformerownerRomanoArtioliin1994LotusCarsisaBritishmanufacturerofsportsandracingcarsbasedattheformersiteofRAFHethel,aWorldwarIIairfieldinNorfolk.Thecompanydesignsandbuildsraceandproductionautomobilesoflightweightandfinehandlingcharacteristics.ItalsoownstheengineeringconsultancyLotusEngineering,whichhasfacilitiesintheUnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,MalaysiaandChina.EvenafterChapman'sdeath,untilthelate1980s,LotuscontinuedtobeamajorplayerinFormulaOne.AyrtonSennadrovefortheteamfrom1985to1987,winningtwiceineachyearandachieving17polepositions.However,bythecompany'slastFormulaOneracein1994,thecarswerenolongercompetitive.Lotuswonatotalof79GrandPrixraces.DuringhislifetimeChapmansawLotusbeatFerrariasthefirstteamtoachieve50GrandPrixvictories,despiteFerrarihavingwontheirfirstnineyearssoonerGroupLotusiscurrentlyalsoinvolvedinseveralothercategoriesofmotorsport.ItsponsorstheARTteamintheGP2andGP3Series,andtheKVteamintheIndyCarSeries.In2011,Lotusalsoreturnedtothe24HoursofLeManswithasemi-workseffortrunbyJetallianceRacing,whichfieldedtwoLotusEvoras.In2012theywillpartnerwithEngineDevelopmentsLTD/JohnJuddtobuilda2.2LiterTwinTurbochargedV-6EnginetobeusedintheIzodIndycarSeries莲花汽车公司是世界上著名的运动汽车生产厂家。成立于1951年，现为马来西亚宝腾PROTON集团所有。公司总部设在英国诺里奇市，雇员总数为500人，年产汽车600辆左右。莲花汽车公司的汽车重心很低，造型具有良好的流线形，风阻系数在0．3左右。发动机功率大，最低为160马力，车速高达300公里／小时。莲花汽车是世界汽车赛场上一个十分有力的竞争者，多次荣获世界冠军。1963一1978年莲花汽车曾经7次蝉联世界最佳小客车优胜奖。1991年，莲花伊兰汽车获世界汽车最佳设计奖。莲花汽车公司是率先在汽车上使用高强化塑料车身的厂家之一。它们采用的制模工艺，真空助力树脂喷射工艺能将车身模制成上下两个整体，最后再合二为一，不仅生产效率高，而且车身强度大大增强，在世界上独树一帜。莲花汽车公司主要产品有“精灵”、“伊兰”“卓越”牌运动跑车等。该公司的标志除莲花英文字样外，还有创建人姓名的字头四个字母（ACBC）组成的图案。在汽车工业史上，莲花品牌与众不同。它是英国杰出的工程师柯林·查普曼（ColinChapman）个人奋斗与智慧的结晶。无论是批量生产的跑车还是赛车，他都亲自参与设计与研制，倾注了毕生心血。汽车史上的杰出人物查普曼组建了一支骁勇的车队，在赛场屡建奇功。他在公元20世纪五六十年代设计的莲花及许多小跑车至今令人怀念。查普曼从零开始，在汽车运动的狂热驱使下，亲手制造自己所心仪的赛车，进而在汽车制造与竞赛两方面都创造了辉煌业绩。这可算世界汽车史上最美的一段佳话。事情起自1947年。十九岁的柯林·查普曼尚在伦敦大学攻读工程技术，他醉心于汽车比赛，而他的父亲是当时奥斯丁汽车的经销尚，一天他将一辆1930的奥斯丁汽车自己动手改装成了一辆简陋的赛车命名MKI，拿来参加英国战后一度时兴的在泥泞的林间角逐的业余赛车运动。查普曼的自造赛车一举夺魁，引起人们的关注，并以出售零部件的方式销售了多辆。设计成功了，当然要给它起个名字。查普曼突发奇想，就叫它“莲花”。Thecompanyencourageditscustomerstoraceitscars,andenteredFormulaOnethroughitssistercompanyTeamLotusin1958.ALotusFormulaOnecardrivenbyStirlingMosswonthemarque'sfirstGrandPrixin1960atMonacoinaLotus18enteredbyprivateerRobWalker.Majorsuccesscamein1963withtheLotus25,which—withJimClarkdriving—wonLotusitsfirstF1WorldConstructorsChampionship.Clark'suntimelydeath—hecrashedaFormulaTwoLotus48inApril1968afterhisreartyrefailedinaturninHockenheim—wasasevereblowtotheteamandtoFormulaOne.HewasthedominantdriverinthedominantcarandremainsaninseparablepartofLotus'earlyyears.Thatyear'schampionshipwaswonbyClark'steammate,GrahamHill.LotusElise.ThesuperchargedLotusSCandlimitededitionJimClarkType25EliseeditionsaddanewperformancedimensiontotheEliserange.0–60mphaccelerationisin4.3secondsand0–100km/hin4.6seconds.LotusexigesAnExigewithasuperchargedengineproviding220hp.Thenon-SExigeandElisehave190hp(140kW).LotusEvoraLaunched22July2008.CodenamedProjectEagleduringdevelopment.A2+2sportscarwithamid-mounted,transverse3.5-litreV6engine.LotuswillprovidetheEvoraSModel(2011)asrapidresponsevehiclestotheRomeandMilanCarabinieritoreplacethepreviousLamborghiniGallardos宽扁锐利的车身与上掀式的车头是Esprit在外型上的最大特征，车尾厢上方则是鳍状的中置引擎散热口。Lotus2-ElevenWeighingjust670kg(1,500lb)andwith252bhp(188kW)theLotus2-Elevencansprintfrom0–60in3.8secondsandhasatopspeedof155mph(249km/h).Intendedasatrackdaycaritcosts£39,995butforanadditional£1,100Lotuswillmakethecarfullyroadlegal.LotusT125ExosTrack-onlyFormula1inspiredcar.3.5lCosworthV8,640bhp;25willbebuiltat$1millioneach.Toruninthe'ExosExperiencebyLotus',aclub,initiatedandoperatedbyLotusMotorsport,inwhichalimitednumberofownerdriverscanrefinetheirdrivingskillsandchallengethemselveswithexpertone-to-oneadvicefromformerGrandPrixdriversandtrainersAtthe2010ParisMotorshow,Lotusannouncedfivenewmodelstobeintroducedoverthenextfiveyears:14Lotusalsoshowedanunnamedcitycarconceptusingits1.2Lrange-extenderengine.16In2011LotusrevealedthisastheLotusEthos,aplug-inhybridcarbasedontheEMASconceptfromitsparentcompanyProton,andlikelytobeprimarilybuiltbyProtoninMalaysia.RangeExtenderEngine.Thisall-aluminium,monoblock,1200cc,three-cylinder,47horsepower,four-strokeengineisspecificallydesignedtodirectlydriveanalternatorforelectricitygenerationforseries-hybridcars.Theengineissmallandlightat56kg(123lb),havingthreecylindersandnodetachablecylinderhead.Thecylinderheadandengineblockareallonecastingtoreducesize,weightandproductioncosts.Astheenginedoesnotturnbeltdrivenancillariessuchasalternator,power-steeringpumporanairconditioningcompressor,theblockrequiresnostrongpointstoaccommodatesuchancillaries,resultinginasimpleandlightblock.Theenginehasareducedpartscountforlightnessandcheaperproduction.1718On18August2011Lotusfiredupanallnewin-housedesignedV8destinedforthenewerarangeofcars.At170kg(375lb)andjust612mm(24.1in)long,theunitwillbedrysumplubricatedtosavedepthandwillfeaturea180°flatplanecrank.Theengineisbeinguti