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环境课件生态学双语A1什么是生态学要点A1WHATISECOLOGYA2生态学的10个规律要点A2TENRULESINECOLOGYB1适应要点B2应付环境变异要点B3生态位要点C1太阳辐射与气候要点C2微气候要点D1水的特性要点D2植物与水要点D3动物与水要点E1温度与代谢要点E2对温度的响应要点E3温度与物种分布要点F1太阳辐射与植物要点G1资源与循环要点G2植物与消费者要点G3土壤形成特性和分类要点H1种群和种群结构要点H2出生率死亡率和种群增长要点H3密度和密度制约要点H4种群动态波动周期和混沌要点I1竞争的性质要点I2种内竞争要点I3资源分配要点J1捕食的性质要点J2捕食行为和猎物反应要点K1寄生的性质要点K2寄生的动态要点L1互利共生要点M1生活史要点N1社群合作和利他行为要点N2生态学中的性要点O1遗传的变异要点O2物种形成要点P1组成成员和过程要点P2初级和次级生产力要点Ｐ3食物链要点Q1群落结构和稳定性要点Q2岛屿群落与移殖要点Q3群落格局竞争和捕食要点R1演替要点R2群落对干扰的反应要点S1生态系统格局要点S2草地要点S3冻原要点S4森林要点S5荒漠半荒漠和灌丛要点S6盐水生物群系要点S7淡水生物群系要点T1收获理论要点T2渔业和捕鲸业要点U1有害生物问题及其防治对策要点U2杀虫剂和问题要点U3生物防治和害虫综合治理要点V1稀有物种生境损失和灭绝要点V2保育对策要点V3生物资源和基因库要点W1空气水和土壤污染物要点W2温室气体和全球变暖要点W3臭氧要点X1土壤侵蚀和农业要点X2养分水和能量利用要点RelatedtopicsFishingandwhalingT2TheopenoceanisusedasadumpinggroundfornumerouspollutantsincludingoilsewagehydrocarbonsandmetalsSomebecomemagnifiedinthefoodwebandcancontaminatefishstocksRecreationalandcommercialdevelopmentofintertidalregionshasledtohabitatdestructionandpollutionDredgingsewagepollutionandover-fishinghavedegradedcoralreefsEnvironmentalconcerns主要的淡水和湿地区域淡水生物群系包括湖泊河流酸性沼泽草本沼泽和木本沼泽这些系统靠从附近排水区沥滤的水和营养物生存FreshwaterbiomesincludelakesriversbogsmarshesandswampsThesesystemsarefedbywaterandnutrientsleachingfromthesurroundingcatchmentareaKeyNotesPrimaryfreshwaterandwetlandregionsS7FRESHWATERBIOMES溪流和河流溪流和河流的物理特征沿水体长度而有变化它们靠近源头的窄小湍急变成河口附近的宽广平缓植物和动物的多样性和生产量在中部地区通常是最高的因为那儿的水流速度和河床底质允许大型植物的生长湖泊和池塘湖泊的水很少流动或者不流动使得水体可垂直分层包括表层光照充足而温暖的水和下层黑暗而寒冷的水湖泊可以是营养充足的富营养型或者是营养匮乏的贫营养型ThephysicalcharacteristicsofstreamsandriversalteralongtheirlengththeychangefrombeingsmallandturbulentclosetotheirsourcetowiderandslowerattheirmouthPlantandanimaldiversityandproductiontendstobehighestinthemiddleregionswhereflowratesandsubstrateallowthegrowthofmacrophytesStreamsandriversLakeshaveverylittleornocurrentallowingthewaterbodytoacquireverticalstratificationwithilluminatedwarmwateratthesurfaceanddarkcoldwaterbelowLakescanbenutrientricheutrophicornutrientpooroligotrophicLakesandponds环境关系开凿运河商业开发和污染造成了许多河流下游水生生物和河岸植被的减少湿地被用于农业变成了农田和牧场富营养化由生物或非生物的污染而造成结果导致植物多样性的减少和藻类的大量生长这个问题在小湖泊小池塘以及半封闭系统如英国的Norfolk宽阔河段中尤其显著相关主题空气水和土壤污染物W1RelatedtopicsAirwaterandsoilpollutantsS7CanalizationcommercialdevelopmentandpollutionhaveresultedinalossofaquaticbiotaandbanksidevegetationinthelowerreachesofmanyriversWetlandshavebeenlosttoagricultureforgrainproductionandgrazingEutrophicationcanoccurthroughorganicandinorganicpollutionresultinginalossofplantdiversityandalgalbloomsThisisaparticularprobleminsmalllakesandpondsandinsemiclosedsystemssuchastheNorfolkBroadsEnvironmentalconcerns收获目标为了使种群开发获得最大回报管理应以使对象种群可长期持续获得最大产量为目标TomaximizethereturnsgainedbyexploitingapopulationmanagementshouldaimtoharvestthemaximumyieldthatthemaximumyieldthatthepopulationcanproducesustainablyoverthelongtermKeyNotesThegoalsofharvestingT1HARVESTINGTHEORY最大持续产量长期收获最大产量的一种方法是最大持续产量即MSY法随着种群密度在很低的基础上开始增加出生率超过死亡率种群的净补充量增加当种群密度达到最大环境容纳量时死亡率上升出生率下降因此最大净补充量发生在中等密度种群中存在许多繁殖个体而种内竞争又相对较弱的情况下这一最大净补充量即为人们可长期从种群中收获的最大量MSYOneapproachtodeducethemaximumlong-termyieldisknownasthemaximumsustainableyieldorMSYapproachAsapopulationincreasesindensityfromverylownumbersthebirthrateoutstripsthedeathratesothenetrecruitmentbirths-deathsintothepopulationrisesAsthepopulationdensityapproachesthemaximumtheenvironmentcansupportthedeathrateincreasesandthebirthratefallsThemaximumnetrecruitmentthereforeoccursatanintermediatedensitywhenintraspecificcompetitionisrelativelylowyettherearemanyreproductiveindividualsinthepopulationThismaximumnetrecruitmentisthemaximumnumberthatcanbeharvestedfromthepopulationsustainably–theMSYMaximumsustainableyield配额限制在一定时期可通过控制配额收获对象生物量或个体数量限制收获配额控制允许收获者在每一aname=baidusnap0/a季节/B或每年收走一定数量的猎物配额限制通常应用于海洋渔业来获得MSY但成功例不多这表明配额限制实际上很冒险有可能导致过捕甚至种群灭绝HarvestingmaybelimitedbycontrollingthequotathebiomassornumberofindividualsculledinagivenperiodQuotacontrolsthusallowtheharvesterstoremoveafixednumberofthepreyspecieseveryseasonoryearQuotalimi-tataioniscommonlyappliedinmarinefisheriestoachieveaMSYwithlimitedsuccessThetheorydemonstratesthatquota-limitationisintrinsicallyriskyandmaycauseoverexploitationandevenextinctionoftheharvestedpopulationsQuotalimitation努力限制配额限制潜在的危险或通过导入努力限制来缓和努力限制具有明显的优点因为当猎物种群数量减少时人们往往会通过更加努力来获限正在减少中的数量环境波动利用种群增长模型预测被收获种群可获潜能的效果会受到环境波动的严重影响因为环境波动会影响种群的出生率或死亡率TheabilityofmodelsofpopulationgrowthtopredicttheharvestingpotentialofapopulationisesverelycompromisedbyenvironmentalvariationwhichmayaffectrecruitmentormortalityEnvironmentalfluctuationTheriskinherentinquota-limitationcanbealleviatedbyadoptinganapproachoflimitingeffortThishasaclearadvantage-asapreyspeciesbecomesrarermoreeffortwillberequiredtoseekoutandcatchthediminishingnumbersEffortlimitation相关主题种群和种群结构H1密度和密度制约H3出生率死亡率和种群增长H2种群动态波动周期和混沌H4动态库模型简单的模型不考虑种群的年龄结构这使其预测能力有限因为死亡率与繁殖力都是与年龄相关的收获个体通常都是种群中体大年高的个休具有最高的繁殖潜能精确地考虑到不同年龄群出生率生长和死亡率的动态库模型对对象种群的预测效果更好举例来说考虑到不同年龄群的动态库模型意味着可理论上检测海洋渔业中使用不同大小网具的影响效果Simplemodelsdonotconsidertheagestructureofpopulationswhichlimitstheirpredictivepowerasthemortalityratesandreproductiveoutputofindividualsisage-specificUsuallytheindividualsharvestedarethelarge