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语法长难句讲义词类(partsofspeech)1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。5)动词(verb，缩写为v)如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)如oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)[注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notionalword)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(formword)。[注二]不少词可以属于几个词类.如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。*******************************************************************************英语词法和句法1.词法(morphology)1)2)3)4)5)2.句法(syntax)1)2)3)4)5)6)*******************************************************************************句子1简单句(simplesentence).Thepeople'sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.2并列句(compoundsentence)Tom'sfatherworkedfrommorningtillnightbuthegotverylittlemoney.3复合句(complexsentence)It'salongtimesinceIsawyoulast.*******************************************************************************从句(clause)1WhatIwanttosayisthis2ThisiswhatIwanttosay.3IhavesaidwhatIwanttosay.4ThisisthethingIwanttosay.5Ifyouwanttosaysomething，sayitclearly.*******************************************************************************词序(wordorder)1Wehelpeachother.2Wegotoschooleveryday.3It'sfinetoday.4Ilikethisplace.Therearemanytreesinthisplace.5Theschoollibraryhasmanybooksonagriculture.6TheSummerPalaceisverybeautiful.Iknowhimwell.Thestudentsoftengoonapicnic.Wetakeexerciseeveryday.7Imetafriendatthebus-stop.8ThereisamapofChinaonthewall.9Theyworkedquicklyandefficiently.Heworksjustashardaseveryoneelsealthoughheisoversixty.*******************************************************************************名词1英语名词分为两大类：1)soldier士兵water水pupil学生health健康machine机器pleasure快乐2)LeiFeng雷锋KarlMarx卡尔·马克思London伦敦China中国TheCommunistPartyofChina中国共产党TheGreatHallofthePeople人民大会堂TheMinistryofForeignAffairs外交部2普通名词的种类1)tractor拖拉机panda熊猫factory工厂teacher教员2)class阶级，班herd兽群crowd人群army军队3)steel钢gram粮食fire火cotton棉花4)happiness幸福life生活work工作whiteness白色*******************************************************************************名词的格1英语的名词有三个格：Mybrotheralwaysmisplaceshisschoolbag.Everywrittensentenceshouldbeginwithacapitalletter.2’schildren'sbooksmyfather'sroom3名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语，也可能是它所修饰的名词的宾语。1)theParty'sconcernoftheyoungergeneration2)thereactionaryrule'soverthrowtheoccupationofthecitybytheenemy3)afriendofmysister's(=oneofmysister'sfriends)apictureofMr.Wu's4)Thedictionaryisnotmine,butXiaoWang's.5)ImethimattheJohnson's(shop).Iwenttomyuncle's(house)yesterday.*******************************************************************************代词1代词在句子中的功能1)2)IamreadingTheArabianNights.ThisisJohnSmithspeaking.CanIhelpyou?Hisfatherisaneye-doctor.Allmenareequal.2如I我(主格)，me我(宾格)，Who谁(主格)，whom谁(宾格)如whose谁的，other's别人的，somebody's某人的，one's一个人的3如one-ones，other-others。4如：theother，theothers，afew，alittle等。5种类1)personalpronouna)主格：I，he，she，it，we，you，they.b)宾格：me，him，her，it，us，you，them.2)possessivepronouna)形容词性物主代词：my，his，her，its；our，your，their.b)名词性物主代词：mine，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs.3)self-pronounmyself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，oneself.4)reciprocalpronouneachother，oneanother.5)demonstrativepronounthis，that，these，those，such，same.6)interrogativepronounwho，whom，whose，which，what.7)relativepronounwho，whom，whose，which，that.8)indefinitepronounsome，something，somebody，someone，any，anything，anybody，anyone，no，nothing，nobody，noone，every，everything，everybody，everyone，each，much，many，little，alittle，few，afew，other，another，all，none，one，both，either，neither.*******************************************************************************数词1cardinalnumeral如：one(一)，twenty(二十)，hundred(百)2ordinalnumeral如：first(第一)，twentieth(第二十)，hundredth(第一百)等。3基数词的用法1)Twoplusnineiseleven.Fourtimessixistwenty-four.2)Givemetwo.3)Myuncleboughttwohandtractorsrecently.4)HewasalreadyfortywhenhebegantolearnEnglish4序数词的用法1)Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.2)Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.3)ChinaexplodeditsfirstatombombinOctober1964.4)Jackisalwaysthefirsttogettotheofficeinthemorning.*******************************************************************************形容词1形容词的用法1)TheChineseCommunistPartyisagreatparty.2)Thefilmisbothmovingandinstructive.3)Haveyougoteverythingreadyforthejourney?Wekeepourroomscleanandtidy.2Theblindcanlearntoreadwiththeirfingertips.Hehasakeensenseofthenew.3形容词的比较级comparativedegreesuperlativedegreepositivedegree*******************************************************************************副词1副词的构成1)如now现在，there那里，rather颇。2)如firmly坚决地，happi1y幸福地。3)earlyadj.早的earlyadv.早highadj.高的highadv.高高地longadj.长的，长久的longadv.长久地2副词的种类1)ordinaryadverb如：together一起，well好，seriously认真地，slowly慢，carefully小心地。2)interrogativeadverb如：when何时，where何地，how如何，why为何。3)relativeadverb如：where，when4)conjunctiveadverb如：then然后，so所