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名词性从句NominalClausesXuYan名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，在句子中起名词作用。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词：when,where,how,why•中世纪，普遍相信地心说(geocentrictheory)。•GeocentrictheorywaswildlybelievedintheMiddleAges.•Geocentrictheory:theearthisthecenterofourplanetarysystem•ThattheearthisthecenterofourplanetarysystemwaswildlybelievedintheMiddleAges.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。一．主语从句(1)Itis＋名词(apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one’sduty,anhonor,ashame,noeasyjob,afact,agoodthing,awasteoftime…)＋从句(2)Itis＋形容词(clear,important,possible,necessary,strange,unnecessaryetc.)＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…1.It作形式主语的结构(3)It＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…Ithadbeenfoundthat…已经发现…Itmustbepointedoutthat…需要指出…Ithasbeenprovedthat…业已证明…(4)Itis＋过去分词(well-known,said,reported,recorded,noted,estimated,believed等）＋从句2.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较•it作形式主语为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。•it引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人可用who•Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.•Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.•Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.•ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.3.主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况：（1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。Ifitistrueremainsaproblem.Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.（2）Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.√×√ו（3）Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。•Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.•Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.•（4）Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。•Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.•Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.√×√×4.what与that引导主语从句的区别a).what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that则只是一种“标识”，告知后面是一个从句。1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Itisrightwhatyousaidyesterday.(what引导主语从句表示“…的东西”时，一般不用it做形式主语。）2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.Itisaconsolationthatsheisstillalive.×√•b).What可以解释为thething(s)that,即“…的东西/事情”，而that没有实际的意思，只是一种语法作用，如：•Whathelostwashisnewlyboughtpen.•=Thethingthathelostwashisnewlyboughtpen.宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。Ididn’texpectyourforgiveness.Ididn’texpectyouforgivingme.Ididn’texpectthatyoucouldforgiveme.二．宾语从句•1.作动词的宾语•(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略)•Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.•(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句•Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.•Iwonderwhether/ifyoucanchangethisnoteforme.•当句末为ornot时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.Idon’tknowwhetheritisgoingtorainornot.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：•Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2.作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，只有在except,but,besides,in等介词后才可使用。Yourthesisisquiteallrightexceptthattheorganizationisabittooloose.Ilikethecity,butIlikethecountrybetterinthatIhavemorefriendsinthecountry.3.作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.如anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等表示情感、心理活动或确信的意义时，后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。也可以将此类词后的that从句看作原因状语从句。4.it可以作为形式宾语真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.I’mafraidthatIhavetomakeitclearthatit’stotallyuptoyouyourselvestodecidewhetheryouwillgototheSouthLakethisweekendornot.5.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：若谓语动词为hope,否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren'till.我想你没有生病吧。陈述句变为引导的宾语从句1.Hesaid,“YouareyoungerthanI”.2.Hesays,“Tomisagoodstudent”.HesaidthatIwasyoungerthanhim.HesaysthatTomisagoodstudent.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句1.Shesaid,“Doyouoftencomeheretoreadnewspaper?”2.“WilltheygotovisittheGreatWall?”heasked.Sheaskedif(whether)Ioftencameheretoreadnewspaper.Heaskedif(whether)theywouldgotovisittheGreatWall.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系1.Heasked,“Wheredoyoulive?”2.“Howcanwegettothepost-office?”heasked.HeaskedwhereIlived.Heaskedhowtheycouldgettothepost-office.特殊疑问句变为who,what,when等引导的宾语从句直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系•AlthoughAnnaishappywithhersuccess,shewonders___willhappentoherprivatelife.•A.thatB.what•C.itD.this在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause/why等结构。三．表语从句1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.whether不可以用if代替2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句，对抽象名词做进一步解释。That一般不能省略。四．同位语从句•Thereisadanger.•Oxfordwillnotretainitsworldposition.ThereisadangerthatOxfordwillnotretainitsworldposition.1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时也在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。Theideath