注:电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译1~7面班级:1002班学号:2010118010209姓名:王定瑞PART1FUNDAMENTALSOFELECTRICENGINEERINGChapter1CircuitFundamentals第1部分的电气工程基础第1章电路原理1.1ElectrostaticCharges1.1静电荷Protonsandelectronsarepartsofatomsthatmakeupallthingsinourworld.Thepositivechargeofaprotonissimilartothenegativechargeofanelectron.However,apositivechargeistheoppositeofanegativecharge.Thesechargesarecalledelectrostaticcharges.Eachchargedparticleissurroundedbyanelectrostaticfield.质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世界。正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。然而,一个正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。这些指控被称为静电荷。每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。Theeffectthatelectrostaticchargeshaveoneachotherisveryimportant.Theyeitherrepel(moveaway)orattract(cometogether)eachother.Itissaidthatlikechargesrepelandunlikechargesattract.这个效应,静电指控对方是非常重要的。他们要么排斥(离开)或吸引(一起)每个其他。据说,同种电荷排斥和异种电荷吸引。Theatomsofsomematerialscanbemadetogainorloseelectrons.Thematerialthenbecomescharged.Onewaytodothisistorubaglassrodwithapieceofsilkcloth.Theglassrodloseselectrons(-),soitnowhasapositive(+)charge.Thesilkclothpullselectrons(-)awayfromtheglass.Sincethesilkclothgainsnewelectrons,itnowhasanegative(-)charge.Anotherwaytochargeamaterialistorubarubberrodwithfur.原子的一些材料可以获得或失去电子。材料然后变成带电。一个办法是摩擦玻璃棒用一块丝绸。玻璃棒失去电子(-),所以它现在有了一个积极的(+)费用。丝绸布拉电子(-)远离玻璃。因为丝绸布获得新电子,现在有一个负(-)费用。另一种方式收取材料是磨橡胶棒带毛皮。Itisalsopossibletochargeothermaterialsbecausesomematerialsarechargedwhentheyarebroughtclosetoanotherchargedobject.Ifachargedrubberrodistouchedagainstanothermaterial,thesecondmaterialmaybecomecharged.2Rememberthatmaterialsarechargedduetothemovementofelectronsandprotons.Also,rememberthatwhenanatomloseselectrons(-),itbecomespositive(+).Thesefactsareveryimportantinthestudyofelectronics.也有可能收取其他材料,因为一些材料费用当他们带来了接近另一个带电物体。如果一个带电橡胶棒是感动与另一个材料,第二材料可能成为带电。2记住材料被指控由于电子和质子的运动。同时,也要记住,当一个原子失去电子(-),它成为积极的(+)。这些事实是非常重要的在学习电子产品。Chargedmaterialsaffecteachotherduetolinesofforce.Theseimaginarylinescannotbeseen.However,theyexertaforceinalldirectionsaroundachargedmaterial.Theirforceissimilartotheforceofgravityaroundtheearth.Thisforceiscalledagravitationalfield.带电材料互相影响由于力线。这些假想的线不能被看到。然而,他们施加一个力向四面八方围绕一个带电材料。他们的力量是类似于重力围绕地球。这个力称为引力场。Mostpeoplehaveobservedtheeffectofstaticelectricity.Wheneverobjectsbecomecharged,itisduetostaticelectricity.Acommonexampleofstaticelectricityislightning.Lightningiscausedbyadifferenceincharge(+and-)betweentheearth'ssurfaceandthecloudsduringastorm.Thearcproducedbylightningisthemovementofchargesbetweentheearthandtheclouds.AnothercommoneffectofstaticelectricityisbeingshockedbyadoorknobafterWalkingacrossacarpetedfloor.Staticelectricityalsocausesclothestakenfromadryertoclingtogetherandhairtosticktoacomb.大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电,这是由于静电。一个常见的例子,静电是闪电。闪电是由一个不同的电荷(+,-)在地球表面和云在风暴。电弧产生的闪电是运动和地球之间的指控的云。另一个常见的效应的静电被“震惊”,一个门把手走在铺着地毯的地板。静电也导致衣服是从一个干燥机抱在一起,头发坚持一个梳Electricalchargesareusedtofilterdustandsootindevicescalledelectrostaticfilters.Electrostaticprecipitatorsareusedinpowerplantstofiltertheexhaustgasthatgoesintotheair.Staticelectricityisalsousedinthemanufactureofsandpaperandinthespraypaintingofautomobiles.Adevicecalledanelectroscopeisusedtodetectanegativeorpositivecharge.大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电,这是由于静电。一个常见的例子,静电是闪电。闪电是由一个不同的电荷(+,-)在地球表面和电荷是用来过滤灰尘和烟尘在设备称为静电过滤器。静电除尘器用于发电厂来过滤废气,进入空气。静电也用于制造砂纸和喷漆的汽车。了一种叫做验电器是用来检测一个消极或积极的电荷。1.2Conductors,InsulatorsandSemiconductors1.2.1Conductors1.2导体、绝缘体和半导体1.2.1导体Amaterialthroughwhichcurrentflowsiscalledaconductor.Aconductorpasseselectriccurrentveryeasily.Copperandaluminumwirearecommonlyusedasconductors.Conductorsaresaidtohavelowresistancetoelectricalcurrentflow.Conductorsusuallyhavethreeorfewerelectronsintheouterorbitoftheiratoms.Rememberthattheelectronsofanatomorbitaroundthenucleus.Manymetalsareelectricalconductors.Eachmetalhasadifferentabilitytoconductelectriccurrent.Materialswithonlyoneouterorbitorvalenceelectron(gold,silver,copper)arethebestconductors.Forexample,silverisabetterconductorthancopper,butitistooexpensivetouseinlargeamounts.Aluminumdoesnotconductelectricalcurrentaswellascopper,butitiscommonlyused,sinceitischeaperandlighterthanotherconductors.Copperisusedmorethananyotherconductor.一个材料电流流经它叫做导体。一个导体通过电流很容易。铜和铝丝通常用作导体。导体是低电阻对电流流动。通常有三个或更少的导体中电子的原子外层轨道。记住,一个原子的电子绕原子核。许多金属电导体。每种金属都有不同的能力进行电流。材料只有一个外轨道或价电子(金,银,铜)是最好的导体。例如,银是一种更好的导体比铜、但它太贵了在大量使用。铝不进行电流以及铜,但它是常用的,因为它是更便宜和更轻的比其他导体。铜是使用比其他任何导体。1.2.2Insulators1.2.2绝缘体Therearesomematerialsthatdonotallowelectriccurrenttofloweasily.Theelectronsofinsulationmaterialsaredifficulttorelease.Insomeinsulators,theirvalenceshellsarefilledwitheightelectrons.Thevalenceshellsofothersareoverhalf-filledwithelectrons.Theatomsofinsulationmaterialsaresaidtobestable.Insulatorshavehighresistancetothemovementofelectriccurrent.Someexamplesofinsulatorsareplasticandrubber.有一些材料,不允许电流流动很容易。电子绝缘材料难以释放。在某些绝缘体,他们的价壳层充满了八个电子。别人的价壳层是装在与电子。原子的绝缘材料是稳定的。绝缘体有高阻流动的电流。一些例子是塑料和橡胶的绝缘体。1.2.3Semiconductors1.2.3导体Materialscalledsemiconductorshavebecomeveryimportantinelectronics.Semiconductormaterialsareneitherconductorsnorinsulators.Theirclassificationalsodependsonthenumberofelectronstheiratomshaveintheirvalenceshells.Semiconductorshave4electronsinthei