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b--吡啶pyridine巴比妥酸:barbituricacid比电导conductance不规则的:irregular崩解剂disintegrantc--萃取extraction成团:agglomeration测量仪measurement肠液:intestinalfluidd--胆固醇cholestero对映体:enantiomer电极electrode代谢:metabolismf--反相渗透reverseosmosis分布:dispositiong--构象:conformation固化:solidizej--甲苯toluene静脉注:intravenousinjection挤压:compress聚集:aggregate胶囊capsulel--粒子:particle立体选择性:stereoselectivity利用率:availabilitym--灭菌产品sterileproductsn--粘合剂adhesivep--偏振光:polarizedlight片剂tablet配剂elixir排泄:excretionq--起始原料startingmaterials(rawmaterials)q醛aldehyder--溶解度:solubility乳剂emulsion润滑剂lubricants--释放:release渗液solution生物膜:biologicmembrane生物碱alkaloid,t---糖浆syrup甜味剂sweetenerw--丸剂pill微生物microorganism胃液:gastricfluid稳定态:steady-statex--旋光异构现象:opticalisomerism悬浮液suspension香味剂flavor稀释剂diluent形状:shape吸收:absorption消除:eliminationy--胰岛素insulin压片:tabletcompressionz--中间体intermediate重结晶recrystallization左旋:levorotation蒸馏distillation组织tissuea--asymmetriccarbon不对称碳absorption吸收action动作adhesive粘合剂c--contamination污染chirality:手性compress压缩composite合成的compressibility:可压缩性compaction:压紧contaminationspecialize特殊污染conductivity电导率control:控制clinical:临床的d--design:设计dry:干燥delivery:传送e--extend:延长epoxide:环氧化物f--formulation:制剂fluidity:流动性function:功能g--geometricisomerism:几何异构h--hormone激素hydrolysisdiastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体heterogeneouscatalyst多相催化剂，i--irrigating冲洗m--metabolite代谢物medication药物治疗medicine内服药mill:研磨measure尺寸mix:混合microorganisms微生物o--ophthalmic眼药p--polysaccharide多糖peptide肽plasma血浆penicillin青霉素，precursor:前体partitioncoefficient:狭义分配系数pharmaceutical制药的parenteral注射药物pycogens热源procedure:程序q--quality性质quantity数量s--steroid甾类stericeffect:空间效应stereoselectivity:立体选择性screening:过筛sustain:维持t--treat治疗therapy:治疗u--uniformity目标v--vaccine疫苗Unit1P71、Answerthefollowingquestions:(1)Howmanygroupscanpharmaceuticalagentsbesplitintodependingontheirproductionororigin?①totallysyntheticmaterials(synthetics)②naturalproducts③productsfrompartialsyntheses(semi-syntheticproducts)(2)Canyouillustrateanysignificantexamplesofpharmaceuticalagentsobtainedbytotalsynthesis?L-amine,chleramphomical,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Lerodapa,peptide,hormones.Prestaglanding,P_Pouricollamine,Vincamine,(3)WhatisthedifferencebetweenthesyntheticdrugsandtraditionalChineseherbalmedicine?syntheticdrugsincludethemostimportantofsyntheticsandsemi-sytheticproducts,however,naturalproductsarefrequentlyneededasstartingmaterialsorintermediatesforimportantsyntheticproducts.2、生物碱4、IntroductionofNucleicacidsNucleicacidsarepolyanionicmoleculesofhighmolecularweight.Thesepolymersarecomposedofasequenceofsubunitsornucleotidessothatthewholeisusuallytermedapolynucleotide.Thenucleicacidsareoftwomainvarieties,ribonucleic(RNA)anddeoxyribonucleic(DNA).DNAisfoundprimarilyinthechromatintothecellnucleus,whereas90%ofRNAispresentedinthecellcytoplasmand10%inthenucleolus.Thetwoclassesofnucleicacidsaredistinguishedprimaryonbasisofthefive-carbonatomsugarofpentosepresent.Twogeneralkindsofbasesarefoundinallnucleicacids.Onetypeisaderivativeoftheparentcompoundpurine.Principleexamplesareguanineandadenine.Thesecondclassofbasesfoundinallnucleicacidisderivedfromtheparentcompoundpyrimidine.介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成，亚基或核苷酸，使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种，主要品种核糖核酸（RNA）和脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的。DNA是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质，而90％的RNA在细胞质现在和10％的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现，在所有核酸。一类是母体化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嘧啶。Unit2P231、Answerthefollowingquestions:(1)Whatisquantitativestructure-activityrelationship(QSAR)ofpharmacologicagents?quantitativedescriptionsofphysicalpropertiesofcompoundsandtheresponseofthebiologicalsystemunderconsideration.(2)Howmanystericfactorsinfluenceonthepharmacologicactivity?Threemajorheadings.(1)OpticalandGeometricIsomerismandPharmacologicActivity.(2)ConfrontationalIsomerismandPharmacologicActivity.(3)IsomerismandPharmacologicActivity.(3)Whydoenantiomophricpairs(opticalisomers)exhibitdifferentbiologicalactivities？differenceinbiologicactivitymaybeduetoadifferenceinthedistributionoftheisomersortoadifferenceinthepropertiesofthedrug-receptorcombinationoflessthemtheoptimalnumberofbindinggroupsissuitablylocatedforbinding.2、静脉注射4、Thefindingofanoveldrugmoleculeisalong,expensive,andtortuousprocesswithnoguaranteeofsuccess.Clearly,outofthealmostinfinitenumberofpossiblecompounds,onlyafinite(few,small)numbercaneverbeselectedfortestingwithinagiventimeandtheskillofmedicinalchemistisindecidingwhichofthosecompoundstomakefirst.Ofcourse,thereisthenthemajorproblemofhowtosynthesizethem!Inordertomakethatdecision,themassofbiologicaldataproducedforcompoundsalreadytestedneedstobeanalyzedinsuchawaythatfeatureswhichareimportantforthebiologicalactivity/activitiescanbeidentifiedandthenforfuturemolecules.Thegoalofquantitativestructure-activityrelationship(QSAR)istofindpredicativeeffectbetweenquantitativedescriptionsofphysicalpropertiesofcompoundsandtheresponseofthebiologicalsystemunderconsideration.HopefullytheresultingQSARwillleadtoandefinitionofthemolecularfeatures/propertiesmostimportantindertermingactivity,andguidetheresearchofbiologicalactivitywithinthecompoundseries.发现了新的药物分子是一个长期的，昂贵的，曲折的过程没有