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专八阅读理解模拟试题（6）Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversesignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinapeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.AllgroupsincludingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles(feedback)aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoaperson'sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson'semotionalstate.ConsiderDarwin'swords:Thefreeexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions.Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousal.Self-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses.)Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichischaracterizedbycrow'sfeetwrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.Ekman'sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpressionkeepastiffupperlipasarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethatastifflipsuppressesemotionalresponse-aslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.1.TheworddespondentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAcuriousBunhappyCthoughtfulDuncertain2.TheauthormentionsBaringtheteethinahostilewayinordertoAdifferentiateonepossiblemeaningofaparticularfacialexpressionfromothermeaningsofitBupportDarwin'stheoryofevolutionCprovideanexampleofafacialexpressionwhosemeaningiswidelyunderstoodDcontrastafacialexpressionthatiseasilyunderstoodwithotherfacialexpressions3.ThewordconcurinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAestimateBagreeCexpectDunderstand4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheForepeopleofNewGuinea?ATheydidnotwanttobeshownphotographs.BTheywerefamousfortheirstory-tellingskills.CTheyknewverylittleaboutWesternculture.DTheydidnotencouragetheexpressionofemotions.5.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidDarwinbelievewouldhappentohumanemotionsthatwerenotexpressed?ATheywouldbecomelessintense.BTheywouldlastlongerthanusual.CTheywouldcauseproblemslater.DTheywouldbecomemorenegative.参考答案（反白可见）：BCBCABCBCA专八阅读理解模拟试题（5）StudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdi