【最新】2012届高考英语语法精品学案专题四形容词与副词

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1形容词与副词是高考考查的热点,高考英语中单项填空、完形填空、书面表达,任何一项题目中都有可能涉及形容词等级、辨析和在句中的位置。关于形容词与副词这一考点,主要考查以下几个方面:在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析;考查形容词作状语;考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较;考查一些习语搭配;与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别;多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。一、形容词、副词的主要功能1.形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和补语,但有时也作状语,表示伴随、原因等。如:Wefindtheboyconsiderate.(宾补)Hewalkedinthesnow,coldandhungry.(伴随状语)Afraidofdifficulties,theytooktheeasyroad.(原因状语)2.副词作状语主要是用作修饰性状语、评注性状语及连接性状语。其中后两种状语是现在考查的重点。如:HespokeEnglishfairlyfluently.(修饰性状语)Fortunately,noneofthemwashurt.(评注性状语)Hisfirstresponsewastosayno.Later,however,hechangedhismind.(连接性状语)注意:(1)形容词作状语是形容主语的性质,而副词作状语则修饰动词。如:Hewalkedhomeslowly.他慢慢地步行回家了。Hearrivedhome,hungryandtired.他到家时又累又饿。(2)有些副词像fortunately,luckily,surprisingly,honestly,actually,personally等作评2注性状语往往修饰整个句子,对整个句子进行说明或解释,表示说话人对话语的态度与看法。通常位于句首,常用逗号与句子分开。如:Surprisingly,nooneintheclasscouldworkouttheproblem.Personally,Idon'tthinkhewillinterviewyou.(3)还有些副词起连接作用,使前后句构成某种逻辑上的衔接。常见的有:意义例词表示列举和顺序first(ly),second(ly),then,next,finally,last表示意义增补和引申also,besides,furthermore,moreover表示意义等同equally,similarly表示结果therefore,thus,consequently表示换个说法rather,alternatively表示意义转折instead,though,yet,however表示让步anyhow,anyway表示时间过度meanwhile,meantimeIamwrong.Similarly,youaretoblame.我错了。同样地,你也该受到谴责。Seizethechance.Otherwiseyou'llregretit.抓住这个机会,否则你会后悔的。Theyareenjoyingthemselves.(Or)Rather,theyappeartobeenjoyingthemselves.他们正玩得很开心,更精确地说,他们好像正玩得很开心。Heforgottoturnontheradioandthusmissedtheprogram.他忘了打开收音机,因此错过了那个节目。Itmaysnow,butanyhowIwillgototown.可能下雪,但我无论如何要进城。Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidn't,though.他说他要来,可是并没有来。Motherwentshopping;meanwhile,Icleanedthehouse.母亲去买东西;我打扫屋子。3二、形容词的位置1.形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。如:alanguagedifficulttomaster,aleaningtowerabout180feethigh(2)表语形容词(alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等)作定语,定语后置。如:amanalive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词,如:well,faint,ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill若作定语意为“bad”。(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one,any,some和every构成的复合词,如anything,something等时,通常后置。如:Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。2.多个形容词及限定词等修饰同一个名词的顺序:限定词数词形容词名词冠词前的形容词冠词、指示代词、名词所有格等序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状颜色国籍出版材料质地作用类别allboththeathisfirstnextonefourbeautifulgoodlargeshortnewoldChineseeasternsilkstonemedicalwriting4suchanotheryourpoorsquareabeautifulsmallroundoldyellowFrenchwoodenstudyroom口诀巧记:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。(1)Thehusbandgavehiswife____________everymonthinordertopleaseher.A.incomeallhisB.hisallincomeC.hisincomeallD.allhisincome【解析】D考查多个限定词的词序。all前位限定;his中位限定。(2)The___________________housesmellsasifithasn'tbeenlivedinforyears.A.littlewhitewoodenB.littlewoodenwhiteC.whitewoodenlittleD.woodenwhitelittle【解析】A考查多个形容词修饰同一中心词的词序:大小+颜色+材料。三、副词的分类英语里的副词分为9类:时间、地点、方式、频率、程度、连接、关系、疑问和句子副词。常见的有:1.时间副词常见的时间副词有now,then,soon,ago,recently,lately,later,finally,before,early,today,tomorrow,yesterday,tonight,suddenly,immediately,already,just等。2.地点副词常见的地点副词有here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,ahead,abroad,indoors,overseas,halfway,upstairs,downstairs等。3.频率副词频率副词表示动作发生的次数,常见的有ever,never,rarely,seldom,once,often,occasionally,constantly,frequently,usually,continually,always等。4.程度副词程度副词用于表示程度,常见的有fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,awfully,deeply,partly,perfectly,really等。5.连接副词5常见的连接副词有therefore,besides,otherwise,however,moreover,thus,meanwhile,when,why,where,how等。6.句子副词句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词),反映说话人的观点和看法,如actually,certainly,clearly,definitely,evidently,fortunately,frankly,honestly,luckily,obviously,perhaps,possibly,probably,surely,undoubtedly,unexpectedly等。四、兼有两种形式的副词有些副词有两种形式,一种形式是在形容词后加ly,另一种形式同该形容词,即“形、副同形”,但其意义有很大差别,这类词主要有:1.不加ly表示具体概念,加ly表示抽象概念或用于比喻意义。high空间高度Theplanewasflyinghigh.highly高度地,非常地Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.注意短语:aimhigh心怀大志,志向高远deep空间深度Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.deeply深深地Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.注意搭配:deepintothenight到深夜wide空间宽度Heopenedthedoorwide.widely广泛地,普遍地Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.注意短语:bewideawake完全清醒close接近地,紧紧地Heissittingclosetome.closely仔细地,严密地Watchhimclosely.2.两种形式,词义差别较大late晚,迟Youhavecometoolate.lately最近Whathaveyoubeendoinglately(=recently)?free免费Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.freely自由地Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.most很,非常,最Heismostkindtome.mostly主要地,大部分SheismostlyathomeonSundays.6hard努力地Thinkharder.hardly几乎不,简直不Icanhardlyunderstandyou.专题四│正面解读五、形容词和副词比较等级的基本句型1.as+adj./adv.原级+asnotas/so+adj./adv.原级+as注意:当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.=Thisisanexampleasgoodastheotheris.2.adj./adv.比较级+thanYouaretallerthanI.注意:比较级后面跟有名词时,有时需要加适当的冠词。Tomisthetallerofthetwobrothers.Ihaveneverreadabetterstory.3.the+最高级+of/among+同类名词/in+范围、地点等名词/定语从句(…haveever…)Thiscakeisthemostdeliciousofall/intheshop/Ihaveeverhad.注意:(1)当没有比较的范围时,most表示非常,相当于very,此时没有比较概念。Steelismostuseful/amostusefulmaterialinindustry.(2)“否定词语+比较级”,“否定词语+so…as”结构表示最高级含义。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing.Wecouldn'tfeelbetter.4.the+比较级…,the+比较级…越……,越……7Themorepracticeyoudo,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.5.比较级+and+比较级越来越……Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.六、比较级和最高级的修饰词1.almost,exactly,just,quite,nearly,half,twice等词可以用来修饰as…as结构。2.much,many(只能在比较级后是可数名词复数时使用),far,byfar,alo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