一个多总线多源可重新布局的斯特林放射性同位素电力系统测试平台的开发

DevelopmentofaMulti-Bus,Multi-SourceReconfigurableStirlingRadioisotopePowerSystemTestBed一个多总线、多源可重新布局的斯特林放射性同位素电力系统测试平台的开发TheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)hastypicallyusedRadioisotopeThermoelectricGenerators(RTG)astheirsourceofelectricpowerfordeepspacemissions.AmoreefficientandpotentiallymorecosteffectivealternativetotheRTG,thehighefficiency110wattStirlingRadioisotopeGenerator110(SRG110)isbeingdevelopedbytheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE),LockheedMartin(LM),StirlingTechnologyCompany(STC)andNASAGlennResearchCenter(GRC).TheSRG110consistsoftwoStirlingconvertors(StirlingEngineandLinearAlternator)inadual-opposedconfiguration,andtwoGeneralPurposeHeatSource(GPHS)modules.AlthoughStirlingconvertorshavebeensuccessfullyoperatedasapowersourcefortheutilitygridandasastand-aloneportablegenerator,demonstrationofthetechnologyrequiredtointerconnecttwoStirlingconvertorsforaspacecraftpowersystemhasnotbeenattempted.NASAGRCisdevelopingaPowerSystemTestBed(PSTB)toevaluatetheperformanceofaStirlingconvertorinanintegratedelectricalpowersystemapplication.ThispaperwilldescribethestatusofthePSTBandon-goingactivitiespertainingtothePSTBintheNASAThermal-EnergyConversionBranchofthePowerandOn-BoardPropulsionTechnologyDivision.国家航空航天局(NASA)过去通常用放射性同位素热电发电机(RTG)作为他们的深空探测任务的电力源。作为RTG的更加高效和成本效益更高的潜在替代品，高效的110瓦斯特林放射性同位素发电机(SRG110)已经由能源部(DOE)、洛克希德马丁公司(LM)、斯特林技术公司和NASAGlenn研究中心(GRC)共同开发。SRG110由两个双对布局的斯特林逆变器(斯特林发动机和线性交流发电机)和两个热源(GPHS)模块构成。尽管斯特林逆变器一直成功地用于电网的电源和便携式备份电源，还没有人尝试过证明把两个斯特林逆变器连接用于航天器的电力系统所需要的技术。NASAGlenn研究中心正在开发电力系统测试平台(PSTB)来评估在集成电力系统应用中的性能。本文将描述电力系统测试平台(PSTB)的状况和在NASA的电力热能转换分部和机载推进技术部正在进行的与PSTB有关的活动。Nomenclature术语DASDataAcquisitionSystem数据采集系统DOEDepartmentofEnergy能源部FPGAFieldProgrammableGateArray场效应可编程门阵GPHSGeneralPurposeHeatSource通用热源GRCGlennResearchCenterGlenn研究中心GPIBGeneralPurposeInterfaceBus通用接口总线I/OInput-Output输入/输出IPInternetProtocol互联网协议ISO/OSIInternationalStandardsOrganization/OpenSystemsInterconnection国际标准组织/开放系统互连LMALockheedMartinAeronautics洛克希德马丁航空公司MpbsMega-bits-per-second每秒兆比特NASANationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局PMADPowerManagementandDistribution电力管理和配送PSTBPowerSystemTestBed电力系统测试平台RISCReducedInstructionSetComputer减缩指令集电脑RPCRemotePowerController远程电力控制RTGRadioisotopeThermal-electricGenerators放射性同位素热电发电机SEUSingleEventUpset单事件翻转SRG110StirlingRadioisotopeGenerator110Wattelectric110瓦斯特林放射性同位素发电机STCStirlingTechnologyCompany斯特林技术公司TDCTechnologyDemonstrationConvertors技术示范逆变器UARTUniversalAsynchronousReceiverTransmitter通用异步接收器发射器TCPTransmissionControlProgram传输控制程序TCP/IPTransmissionControlProgram/InternetProtocol传输控制程序/互联网协议I.BackgroundDesignofspacecraftelectricalpowerdistributionsystemsvarydependingontheintendedmission,duration,numberandtypesofloadsandelectricalsourcesofenergy.Typicalpowersourcesmaybesolar(photovoltaic),battery,orthermoelectric.Theselectionofenergysourceisdrivenbythemissionobjectives,orbits,andpathsoftravelinrelationshiptothesun.Missionsextendinggreatdistancesfromthesun(typicallybeyondtheorbitofMars)requireextended-lifeenergysources,which,dependingonthemissionrequirements,generallyeliminatephotovoltaicandbatterytechnologiesfromconsideration.Radioisotopebasedpowersourcesbecomethelogicalchoiceforthisclassofmissions.Ascurrentlyconceptualized,Stirlingradioisotopepowerconvertorsshowthepotentialforhigherefficiencythanradioisotopethermoelectricgenerators;therebyproducingthesameamountofelectricalpowerwhileusingasmallerquantityoftheradioisotopeheatsource.Ⅰ.背景航天飞机的电力配送系统设计随任务、持续时间、载荷的数量和类型的需要和电源的不同而不同。典型的电源是太阳能（光伏）、电池或热电。电源的选择由任务的目标、轨道和相对太阳的运行轨迹来决定。如果任务的范围，根据需要，超过了到太阳的距离（通常是超过火星的轨道）要求更长寿命的能源，基本上就排除了考虑选择光伏和电池的可能。对这类任务，放射性同位素电源是合理的选择。最近打样设计的斯特林放射性同位素电源逆变器展示了比放射性同位素热电发电机更高效率的潜能；因此可以用更少的放射性同位素热源产生同样的电力。DesignanddevelopmentofaPowerManagementandDistribution(PMAD)systemsuitableforinterconnectionofoneormoreStirlingpowerconvertorsforspacecraft,satelliteorroverapplicationshavenotpreviouslybeenattempted.InordertofullyevaluatetheperformanceofStirlingpowerconvertorsinavarietyofapplications,aPowerSystemTestBed(PSTB)isbeingdeveloped.ThetestbedwillallowmanyaspectsofStirlingpowerconvertorsystemintegrationtobeinvestigated.Someoftheareasthatwillbeinvestigatedareasfollows:interconnectionofsingleandmultipleStirlingpowerconvertorsources,evaluationoftheperformanceofStirlingpowerconvertorswhileconnectedtoavarietyofdifferentloadtypes,evaluationofdifferentStirlingcontrollertypes,reductionofrisksandperformanceimprovementthroughextensivefaulttestinganddesignimprovement,anddeterminationofstabilitymargins.设计和开发一个适用于连接几个用于航天飞机、卫星和探测器用途的斯特林逆变器的电力管理和配送(PMAD)系统是前所未有的。为了全面地评估斯特林逆变器在各种应用中的性能，我们开发了电力系统测试平台(PSTB)。这个测试平台将测试斯特林电力逆变器系统集成的很多方面性能。以下是一些待测领域：一个和多个斯特林电力逆变器源的连接，斯特林逆变器与不同类型载荷连接的性能评估，不同类型斯特林控制器的性能评估，通过严格的故障检测和设计改进提高性能减少风险，以及确定稳定裕度。InordertorealizethefinalworkingPMADsystemdesign,bothpowerdistributionsystemarchitecturesandcontrolsystemarchitecturesweredeveloped.Priortoinitiationofthedesignofthepowerdistributionsystemarchitectureasurveywasconductedofpriorinterplanetarymissions.Thedata,whenavailable,wereorganizedbymission,yearlaunched,nomina