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36320065()JournalofZhejiangUniversity(HumanitiesandSocialSciences)Vol.36,No.3May2006:[]20060120[][](60275024)[](1955),,,,AI:(,230026)[],,:,;,;,,[];;;;[]TP18[]A[]1008942X(2006)03001309,,1(1),;,(WorldWideWeb),,,,,;,,,,(infrastructure),:,,;,,,,,(,),(,),(SemanticWeb),,,(DocumentRetrieval),,GoogleYahoo,,(),(),,:(1),,,,(2),(3),(4),,,;,[1],,(),,,,,,,Google,234,126000,,,,,,,,379,126000,(),,,,,,41()36TimBerners2Lee7(2)3(Unicode)(URI,UnifiedResourceIdentifier),,27XML(ExtensibleMarkupLanguage);NS(namespace);XMLSchema,XML,XML,XML,XMLHTML(HypertextMakrkupLanguage)HTML,(tags),listsboldcolorXML,,(metalanguageformarkup)HTML,:h2NonmonotonicReasoning:Context2DependentReasoning/h2ibybV.Marek/bandbM.Truszczynski/b/ibrSpringer1993brISBN0387976892h2iHTML,XML:booktitleNonmonotonicReasoning:Context2DependentReasoning/titleauthorV.Marek/authorauthorM.Truszczynski/authorpublisherSpringer/publisheryear1993/yearISBN0387976892/ISBN/book,,XML,,,,XMLXML,XML,XML:513::academicStaffMemberGrigorisAntoniou/academicStaffMemberprofessorMichaelMaher/professorcoursename=DiscreteMathematicsisTaughtByDavidBillington/isTaughtBy/courseXMLacademicStaffMember,GrigorisAntoniou,,professoracademicStaffMember,,professor,,MichaelMaherDavidBillingtonXMLHTML,,RDF(ResourceDescriptionFramework),RDF,URI(UniversalResourceIdentifier),,,URI,(statement)--(x,P,y),P(x,y),:xPyRDFSchema,,,RDFSchema(primitives),subClassOf,domainrangeRDF,XML3OWLRDFOWL,(cardinalityrestrictions),,OWL,OWLLiteOWLDLOWLFullOWL3(DescriptionLogics),(ontology),,,AIAI(anformalspecificationofaconceptualization)[2],(),,(domainontology)(foundationontology),,,,61()36,,,,,(),AI,,AI,AILongman,,(-),,,--,,,(WebService),,,,,,,,,,;,ontology,,,ontology,,,,,(QuestionAnswering,QA),QA,(WWW,),QA2060,,,QA(closed2domain)QA(open2domain)QA,,QA,,;,(namedentityrecognition)(relationdetection)(coreferenceresolution)(wordsensedisambiguation)-(temporalorspatialreasoning),QA[3],,,,5:(1)713::;(2);(3);(4);(5),(3)(4),,,,,Internet,,,(3),,,,,,,ABS,,BS,A,S,A,A,,,,(),(4)(3);(),(3)(4),,,:(,);,,,,():,,,,,,,:,,,,,,:,,logicproof;,,,,,(trust):,,,81()36R.BrachmanandH.Levesque.Thetractabilityofsubsumptioninframe2baseddescriptionlanguages.In:Proc.ofthe4thNat.Conf.onArtif.Intell,34-37,[4]:(1),,,[5](2),,,,,[5](3):,,,,,,,(),,,:,,,,,AI,,;2070,,;2080,Cyc(),,--;,,(),,,,,,,,,,,??,??,,,,[5],,,,913::,--,,?,,,???,,?,(autonomous),,?,,,??[][1]ANTONIOUG,HARMELENF.ASemanticWebPrimer[M].Cambridge:TheMITPress,2004.[2]GRUBERT.ATranslationApproachtoPortableOntologySpecifications[J].KnowledgeAcquisition,1993,5(2):199-220.[3]TIMBERNERS2LEE.TheSemanticWebasalanguageoflogic.[EB/0L].,1998-01-01/2006-01-20.[4].[A]..[C].:,2002.150-168.[5].[A].,.[C].:,1985.1-9.StudyonHuman2MachineSemantics:AnArtificialIntelligencePerspectiveCHENXiao2ping(DepartmentofComputerScience&Technology,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei230027,China)Abstract:Semanticwebisoneofthemaintrendsincurrentresearchonwebapplication.FromthepointofviewofArtificialIntelligence,weinvestigatethedevelopmentofsemanticwebanditsrelateddomainsinAIsuchasnaturallanguageunderstanding,knowledgerepresentationandreasoning,andontology,throughwhichwegetsomeimportantobservations.Firstly,therelationshipbetweenhumanandmachineischangingrapidlythenetworkofcomputersbecomesthebasicbridgeinthecommunicationandinteractionbetweenhumanandmachine.Secondly,human2machineinteractioncomestogainanewfeaturesemanticprocessingwilltakeamoreandmoreimportantrole,whilesyntacticprocessingisdominantcurrently.Thirdly,theformalcharacteristicofmachineevolvesfromhomogeneoussystemtoheterogeneoussystem.Aclassicallogicsystemisahomogeneoussysteminthesensethatitprovidesauniqueontologyandauniqueinferentialmechanismsothatsoundnessandcompletenesshold.TheverynotionofsoundnessandcompletenesshasbeenacceptedasacriterionforcorrectnessofAIsystemsinmanysubfieldsofAIsuchasknowledgerepresentationandreasoning,naturallanguage02()36understanding,andplanning.However,thiscriterionisinadequatefortheexpectedglobalsystemgeneratingfromsemanticwebinthefuture.Instead,provablecorrectnesswithrespecttosemanticwebrulesisnowconsideredtobeanadequatealternative.Thereasonisthattheglobalsystemwillbeaheterogeneoussystem,oneequippedwithmultipleontologiesandmultipleinferentialmechanisms,wherethisnewcriterionisadoptedinordertokeeptheintegralityoftheglobalsystem.Thetermontologyisborrowedfromphilosophyandassignedanewmeaning,i.e.,aformalspecificationofaconceptualization.ThisnotionandtechniqueprovesextremelyimportantinAIdevelopment,especiallyinverylarge2scaleknowledgesystemssuchasCyc,whichisdesignedtocapturealloftheknowledgeofanaverageteenage.TheanalysisaboverevealsthatAIdevelopmentalongthelineofsemanticwebbeginstodepartfromitsoriginalsketchembodiedbyLeibnizsCharacteristicaUniversalis,whichcanbeconsideredasauniversalhomogeneoussystemofhumanknowledgeandcommunication.ThemostsignificantevolvementofAIthoughtbehindthisdepartmentistheemergenceofthe