传粉生物学的研究进展

45320002225*(,430072.*).5....;,..18KolreuterSprengel[1,2].[2,3].19Darwin.20BakerGrant[2].20.Inouye[4].Cruden[5]().Waser[6].1997Ecology──..11.11500Phoenixdactylifera[2]..45320002226Camerariu(1694).(1)(hermaphroditism)(monoecy)(dioecy)(andromonoecy)(gynomonoecy)(androdioecy)(gynodioecy)(trimonoecy)(trioecy).Willson[7]1990Datiscaglomerata[8].1a)1.2[7]..[9]..,[10].[11].Linumtenuifolium[12].Pontederiacordata3(legimate)[13].Darwin.──[1].Wyatt[2]..-.45320002227Lloyd[10](phenotypicgender)(functionalgender).()()..Datiscaglomerata3[14].Ecballiumelaterium.6[15]..()()[16,17]..,[18]..ZimmermanPolemoniumfoliosissimum[19]..[20]...Burd[21]..22.1..()()[2]..(floraldesign)(floraldisplay)[22]...[23]..[24]..Thorp[25]45320002228..().(honeyguide)..Eichhorniapaniculata1[26].Besleriatriflora.[27].Befariaresinosa.B.resinosa[28].Sagittariatrifolia[29].[30]..Narcissuslongispathus6..8°C[31].3PhilodendronselloumSymplocarpusfoetidusNelumbonucifera.P.selloum439°C3846°C1824h..P.selloum().1824h...12,.[32].2.2/..[33]..Darwin.Nilsson[34]Darwin.1045320002229.[35]..Raphanusraphanistrum()().Stanton[36].[24]..Aphelandra[37].Dalechampia(specialized)(generalized)[38].Galen[39]Polemoniumviscosum9..Mimuluslewisii()M.cardinalis()[40].33.13..[41]...Banksiaserrata[42].Ravenalamadgascariensis.[43].Carthew[44]3Banksiaspinulisa.1072705m59m......Niklas[45],45320002230..AmphibolisCymodoceaHalodule(searchvehicles)().ZosteraceaeCymodoceaceaePosidoniaceae.3()(precocious)[46].3.2[47]..[1].Stebbins..DarwinOphrysapitera...Darwin.Grant[48].ABF1AB.ABA.BB..3Ipomopsis,Aquilegia,DiplacusrGrant.4.().[2]..[49].959(28)24698584203.[50]45320002231.Marshall[51]..AmericanNaturalist199411Grant[52]..Campsisradicans.Amianthiummuscaetoxium[53]..Eichhorniapaniculata[54].()..I.pomoeapurpureaI.hedercea[55].ImpatienscapensisI.pallida[56].PalicourealasiorrachisPalicourea.[57].55.1[2,58].()()[29]().(1)(2)(3).[59]DNA[60]RAPD[61].[62]..Philbrick[63]RAPDCallitrichehermaphroditica..RAPD100m[61].453200022325.2(Leptokurticdistribution)..801m995m[58]...Sternbergiaclusiana[2]...[20]...Brassicacampestris[2]..Texascanadensis[64].Guo[65]Zannichelliapalustris....5.3.pollencarryover.Schaal[59]Lupinustexensis.F1..,80.Stacy[66].Calophyllumlongifolium62%210mSpondiasmombin300m19925.2%,19932.5%.3.Chase[60]──(SSRs)Pithecellobiumelegans4532000223328142m.65.8~14.2km[67]...Baker.[3]Barrett[22].6[2].1864Camerarius2000,..Ÿ.........MoslahangchouensisCycaspanzhihuaensisEleutherococcussenticosusCimicifugananchuanensisPaeoniasuffruticosasubspspontaneaLiriodendronchinense..SinopophyllumhexandrumFicuspumila.4....7.25331(1).89(28.9%)46(13.9%)4532000223440(12.1%)30(9.1%)28(8.5%)10.124.5..7.1Scale.Real[2](pollinationecotype).Raphanusraphanistrum3.[68].Fishbein[69]...7.2.[2]..Impatienscapensis[70]...11973199745320002235...27053[71]..16[72].7.3....[23]Grant....20799033639391500.1FaegriK,vanderPijiL.ThePrinciplesofPollinationEcology.3rded.Oxford:PergamonPress,19792RealL,ed.PollinationBiology.Florida:AcademicPress,19833..:,,..:,1994.2322804InouyeDW,GillDE,DudashMR,etal.Amodelandlexiconforpollenfate.AmerJBot,1994,81(12):151715305CrudenRW,LloydRM.Embryophyteshaveequivalentsexualphenotypesandbreedingsystems:whynotacommonterminologytodescribethem.AmerJBot,1995,82(6):8168256WaserNM,ChittkaL,PriceMV,etal.Generalizationinpollinationsystems,andwhyitmatters.Ecology,1996,77(4):104310607WillsonMF.PlantReproductiveEcology.NewYork:JohnWileyandSons,19838ListonA,RiesebergLH,EliasTS.FunctionalandrodioecyinthefloweringplantDatiscaglomerata.Nature,1990,343:6416429CharnovEL.Simultanoushermaphroditismandsexualselection.ProNatlAcadSciUSA,1979,76:2480248410LloydDG.Parentalstrategiesinangiosperms.In:InternationalSymposiumonReproductioninFloweringPlants.NewZealandJBot,1979,17:59560511BawaKS,BeachJH.Evolutionofsexualsysteminfloweringplants.AnnMissouriBotGard,1981,68:2542744532000223612NichollsMS.Pollenflow,populationcomposition,andtheadaptivesignificanceofdistylyinLinumtenuifoliumL.(Linaceae).BiolJLinnSoc,1985,25(3):23524213PriceSD,BarrettSCH.ThefunctionandadaptivesignificanceoftristylyinPontederiacordataL.(Pontederiaceae).BiolJLinnSoc,1984,21(3):31532914PhilbrickCT,RiesebergLH.PollenproductionintheAndrodiociousDatiscaglomerata(Datiscaceae):implicationsforbreedingsystemequilibrium.PlantSpeciesBiol,1994,9:434615CostichDE.Genderspecializationacrossaclimaticgradient:experimentalcomparisonofmonoeciousanddioeciousEcballium.Ecology,1995,76(4):1036105016GuitianJ.WhyPrunusmahaleb(Rosaceae)producesmoreflowersthanfruits.AmerJBot,1993,80(11):1305130917,,,..,1998,40(1):222618CampbellDR,HalamaKJ.Resourceandpollenlimitationstolifetimeseedproductioninanaturalplantpopulation.Ecology,1993,74(4):1043105119ZimmermanJK,AideTM.Patternsoffruitproductioninaneotropicalorchid:pollinatorvs.resourcelimitation.AmerJBot,1989,76:677320DoustJL,DoustLL,eds.PlantReproductiveEcology:PatternsandStrategies.NewYork:OxfordUnivPress,198821BurdM.Ovulepackaginginstochasticpollinationandfertilizationenvironments.Evolution,1995,49(1):10010922BarrettSCH,HarderLD.Ecologyandevolutionofplantm