专题1-3

1一、冠词TheArticle知识要点：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（TheIndefiniteArticle）和定冠词（ThedefiniteArticle）两种。a(an)是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如abook,aman;an用在元音之前，如：anoldman,anhour,aninterestingbook等。the是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a(an)的基本用法。如：Sheisagirl.Iamateacher.Pleasepassmeanapple.2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：Heborrowedastory-bookfromthelibrary.ALiislookingforyou.一位姓李的同志正在找你。3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：Ihaveamouth,anoseandtwoeyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如：abit,afew,alittle,alotof,apieceof,acupof,aglassof,apileof,apairof,haveagoodtime,forawhile,foralongtime等。5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a+抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：Thislittlegirlisajoytoherparents.这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。Itisapleasuretotalkwithyou.跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。Itisanhonourtometoattendthemeeting.参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法：1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：BeijingisthecapitalofChina.Thepenonthedeskismine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：Whereistheteacher?Openthewindow,please.3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：Therewasachairbythewindow.Onthechairsatayoungwomanwithababyinherarms.Thebabywasthin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：theearth,themoon,thesun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：Heisalwaysthefirsttocometoschool.Bobisthetallestinhisclass.6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,theScienceMuseum,theChildren’sPalace,theParty等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：ontheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextyear,bytheway等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：theYellowRiver,thePacificOcean,theAlps,theHimalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：2thePeople’sDaily,theEveningPaper,theTimes泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：TheBrownsareathometoreceivevisitorstoday.布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：thepoor,thewounded,theliving,thedead,therich,thesick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：Thedriveralwayssitsinthefrontofthebus(car).三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China,America,GradeOne,ClassTwo,milk,oil,water,paper,science等。2、名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。如：Godownthisstreet.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：Wearestudents.Ilikereadingstories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers’Day,Children’sDay,NationalDay,insummer,inJuly等。TodayisNewYear’sDay.ItisSunday.March8isWomen’sDay.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：What’sthematter,Granny?Weelectedhimmonitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：atnoon,atnight,atfirst,atlast,atmost,atleast,bybus(train,air,sea),inbed,intime,infrontof,gotoschool,gotobed,gotocollege,onfoot,attable,inink,inpencil等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：Shegoestoschoolafterbreakfasteverymorning.Wearegoingtoplayfootball.Weusuallyhavelunchatschool.8、科目前不加。如：WelearnChinese,maths,Englishandsomeothersubjects.【专项训练】：1、Wecan’tlivewithoutair.A．anB．×C．theD．some2、——Haveyouseenpen?Ileftitherethismorning.——Isitblackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A．a;theB．the;theC．the;aD．a;a3、I’vebeenwaitingforhimforhourandhalf.A．×;×B．the;aC．a;theD．an;a4、Whatfineweatherwehavetoday!A．aB．×C．someD．an5、Haveyoueverseenastallasthisone?A．atreeB．suchtreeC．antreeD．tree36、Childrenusuallygotoschoolatageofsix.A．×;theB．a;anC．the;×D．the;the7、Himalayasishighestmountaininworld.A．×;the;×B．The;the;theC．A;a;aD．×;×;×8、Theyeachhave__book.LiHua’sisaboutwriter.WangLin’sisonscience.A．a;a;×B．the;×;theC．×;the;×D．a;the;a9、Physicsisscienceofmatterandenergy.A．The;×B．×;×C．×;theD．A;a10、sunrisesineastandsetsinwest.A．A;an;aB．The;×;×C．The;the;theD．A;the;a11、Manypeopleagreethat__knowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.A．a;×B．the;anC．the;theD．×;the12、__MrJonescalledwhileyouwereout(neitherofusknowsthisman).Hewasinbadtemper.A．×;aB．A;×C．The;theD．A;a13、Theywereatdinnerthen.Itwasdelicousone.A．a;theB．×;×C．×;aD．a;a14、whatkindofcardoyouwanttobuy?A．×B．theC．aD．an15、AliceisfondofplayingpianowhileHenryisinterestedinlisteningtomusic.A．×;theB．×;×C．the;×D．the;the16、Beyondstars,theastronautsawnothingbutspace.A．the;×B．×;theC．×;×D．the;the17、AlexanderGrahamBellinventedtelephonein1876.A．×B．aC．theD．one18、——Where’sJack?——Ithinkhe’sstillinbed,buthemightjustbeinbathroom.A．×;×B．the;theC．the;×D．×;the19、Manypeoplearestillinhabitofwritingsillythingsinpublicplaces.A．the;theB．×;×C．the;×D．×;the20、——I’dlikeinformationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.——Well,youcouldhavewordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.A．some;aB．an;someC．some;someD．an;a二、名词Nouns知识要点：一、名词的种类：1、专有名词：1）China,Japan,Beijing,London,Tom,Jack（不加冠词）2）theGreatWall,theYellowRiver,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theUnitedStates等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）2、普通名词：1）不可数名词物质名词：，，，…抽象名词：，，，，…waterriceoilpaperhealthtroubleworkpleasurehonor注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。4如：haveawonderfultime.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes,newspapers,waters,snows……||||各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：aglassofmilk,acupoftea,twopiecesofpaper….2）可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：Abirdcaufly.Thefrogisakindofhibernatinganimal.Vegetablessoldatthisshopareusuallyfresh.有复数形式：a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）b）不规则变化——child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),man(men),woman(women),mouse(mice),goose(geese),Englishman(Englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)…注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese,fish（同一种鱼）……。如，asheep,twosheepd）只用复数形式：thanks,trousers,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,…e）形复实单：physics,politics,maths,news,plastics（塑料），means.f）形单实复：people(人民，人