《变化中的英语》单元教学信息4

1英语专业（教育/经贸方向）《变化中的英语》课程重点-导学-单元信息41.SummariesofUnitObjectives5TradewithinandacrosslanguagebarriersDefinewhatismeantypidgin,creole,andlinguafranca,andgiveexamplesUnderstandwhatismeantbycreativityorinventivenessinlanguageRecognisetheimportanceoffaxedEnglishtointernationaltradeproceedingsUsethisinformationindiscussionsofthepresentpositionofEnglishasthemajorlanguageofinternationalbusinessP2146ChangingEnglishsincetheSecondWorldWarExplainwhatismeantbysayingthatEnglishiscurrentlythelanguageofscience–eventhoughmuchscienceisdoneusingotherlanguagesRecogniseanddescribearangeofstylesofEnglishthatareusedforthepurposesoutlinedabovep2562.SummariesbyUnitandActivityUNITFIVETRADEWITHINANDACROSSTRADEBARRIERSA-1Markets,tradeandlanguage,pages214-212i)Tradingisafundamentalhumanactivity,necessarytoallbutthemostundevelopedsocietiesii)Tradedeals,largeorsmall,havesimilarcomponentsiii)Communicationisessentialtoalltradedeals.Themostsatisfactoryformofcommunicationisalanguageequallywellknowntobuyerandselleriv)itispossibletoarrangetodosomedealswithminimallanguagebuthardlypossibletodowithoutitaltogetherv)EnglishiscurrentlythemostcommonlyusedlanguageofinternationaldealsbetweenAsianandothercustomers.Thissituationmaychangeinthefuture2A-2pages222-228Communicatingsomehowacrosslanguagebarriersi)Pidginsarelanguagesforaverynarrowrangeofpurposes–thosethathavetodowithcoastaltrade.ii)Pidginsdevelop-wherevertraderswanttodobusinesswithpeoplewithwhomtheydonotshareacommonlanguageand-wherethereisnolinguafrancaforuse.iii)MostpidginsaremixturesofAsianorAfricanlanguagesandthoseofmajorEuropeantradingnations–SpainandPortugal,Holland,FranceandGermanyandBritainiv)IngeneralthesoundandgrammaticalsystemsofapidginarethoseofthelanguageusedlocallyThevocabularyissuppliedbythevoyagersv)Pidginswerenotasarulewrittendown,theychangedrapidly.Theywerequicklylearnedbythosewhoneededthemandwhentradingstoppedtheywerediscardedandsoonforgotten.Theremusthavebeenmanypidginsofwhichwehavenorecord.vi)Theyaremakeshiftlanguagesandevidenceofhumaninventivenessvii)Theyhaveverylowprestige.Usersofthelanguagethatprovidesthevocabularyhearthemasfumblingattemptstospeakastheydo!Peopleofeveryracetendtothinkofforeignersaschildish,andtheuseofpidginstendstostrengthenorreinforcethatidea.Activity3pages228-234`Newlanguagesinthemakingi)Apidgin,butnotacreole,hasonlysomeofthefunctionsofalanguageii)Pidginsandcreolesarebothmixedlanguages–usuallymixturesoflanguagesbelongingtodifferentfamiliesiii)SomevarietiesofEnglishincludesome,butnotall,thefeaturesofacreoleiv)ThedifficultiesthatspeakersofsomecreolisedformsofEnglishexperienceinanEnglisheducationalsystemarisefromthedifferencesbetweentheirmothertongueandtheStandardEnglishusedinschools.(Someteachersseecreolisedfeaturesassimplycarelessmistakes)v)TokPisinisaCreole,withEnglishandGermanvocabulary,currentlyinuseasanationallanguage.Activity4pages237-244Englishincontemporaryinternationaltrade3i)Theessentialsoftradearebuyers,sellers,commodities,markets,currency,andcommunicationii)Theadditionalessentialsofcontemporaryinternationaltradeare-internationalbanking-nationalandinternationallegislationbilingualmechandiserswithaccesstofaxmachinesActivity5pages244-252FaxedEnglishforinternationalbusinessi)FaxedEnglishisamajormeansofcommunicationininternationalbusinessii)Atpresentitislearnedonthejobratherthandeliberatelytaughtiii)Itworkswellforseveralreason-Usersarehighlymotivatedtomakeitwork.Theirlivelihoodsdependonit-Usershavewhatisneeded–detailedknowledgeofthecontext,whichincreasesastheygainexperience-UsersforwhomEnglishisanadditionallanguagefinditeasytousebecausemistakesareexpectedandignored,notcriticised.Itisinformal.Nobodyexpectsorwantspoliteindirectness!Headingsshowchangesofsubjectandabbreviationsmakeitbrief.U-6.CHANGINGENGLISHSINCETHESECONDWORLDWARU-6A-1pages256-265Englishasthelanguageofinternationalsciencei)WhyscienceneedsaninternationallanguageSciencehasdevelopedveryfastinthelasthalfcenturyBythemidcenturyEnglishwasalreadyestablishedasaninternationallanguageItspositionnolongerdependedonBritain’simperialpowerandwasabletosurviveitsdeclineii)WhatscientificEnglishislikeItisdifficultfortheordinaryuserofEnglishWritersassumelargeareasofsharedknowledgeThestyleisremoteandimpersonalThetopicsofthesentencesareoftenabstractThepassivevoiceisusedveryfrequently.ThestylemakesreadersfelttheyarelookeddownonbythewriterThewriterfeelsheistreatinghisreadersascolleaguesandequals.4U-6-A-2pages266-277UsesofEnglishininternationaltransporti)TheEnglishofAirTrafficControlisthemajortopicofthisActivityii)IneverydayEnglishmistakesandmisunderstandingsoccurallthetime.Theydon’tusuallymatteriii)Misunderstandingsareverydangerousintheair.iv)ThelanguageofAirTrafficControlisdesignedtoavoidanymisunderstandingsandambiguityv)Itisbrief,direct,andcanbelearnedquicklyvi)Jargon,argot,andslangarealsodesignedbyandforveryspecialgroupsofusers.U-6-A-3pages278-287Applicationsoftechnologytoentertainmenti)TelevisionbecamegenerallyAvailableaftertheSecondWorldWarii)Manypeoplethoughttelevisionwouldmakethequalityofpeople’sli