医学微生物学2

二,教学目的及要求：医学微生物学是生命科学中的重要学科，是研究病原微生物的形态、结构、生命活动规律以及与机体相互关系的一门重要的基础医学二级学科。为医学生学习临床的感染性疾病、传染病、超敏反应性疾病和肿瘤发生等奠定重要的理论基础。要求学生熟悉微生物学基本理论知识，掌握病原微生物的致病机制及其诊断、预防的主要措施。三,教学内容：医学微生物学是研究病原微生物的形态、结构、生命活动规律以及与机体相互关系的一门重要的基础医学学科，将为临床各科的感染性疾病、传染病、超敏反应性疾病和肿瘤发生等的学习奠定重要的理论基础。同时,还开设了医学微生物学实验课,培养学生的动手能力和分析问题的能力.本课程主要讲述微生物的基本概念、各类微生物的生物学特性、感染及抗感染免疫的机理、感染性疾病的诊断、预防和治疗原则。针对五年制医学类本科生，着重介绍与人类疾病相关的各种病原微生物（以常见的病原性细菌和病毒为主）的形态结构、培养特性、生化反应、抗原构造、分类、抵抗力等各种生物学特性，致病机理及所致疾病，病原体的分离培养方法及鉴定原则，相关疾病的预防及治疗原则。通过学习，使同学牢固树立“有菌观念”并掌握无菌操作的原则，学会保护自己，也为将来专业课的学习奠定良好的基础。同时，针对七年制学生的特点，不仅讲述上述知识，而且结合目前临床感染的现状，向同学介绍新现和再现的病原微生物、有关细菌的耐药、微生态平衡与失调、医院内感染及肿瘤相关病毒的知识，以适应七年制教学的要求，拓展学生的视野，提高学生的科学研究能力，培养更高层次的学生。大纲中的英文黑体字内容,要求掌握;其他内容要求熟悉.第1页共20页MedicalMicrobiologyOutlinefor7and8Year’sStudents,aswellasBasicMedicineStudentsIntroduction（1h）一.Definition,ClassificationandCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms.(一)Concept:Akindofmicroorganismwhichissmallbodies,simplestructure,notvisiblebythenakedeyes,visibleusuallyonlywithlightmicroscopeorelectromicroscope.(二)Classification:1.Non-cellulartype:Virus;2.Prokaryoticgroup;3.Eukaryoticgroup(三)Characteristics.二.RelationbetweenMicrobesandHuman.BemorebeneficialthanharmfultoHuman.三.Developmentalhistoryofmicrobiology(一)Experientialperiodofmicrobiology(二)Experimentalperiodofmicrobiology1.Morphologicalperiod2.Physiologicalperiod:LouisPasteur;RobertKoch;Iwanovsky(三)ModernMicrobiologicalperiod.Chap.1BacterialBiologicalProperties(1.5h)一.BacterialSizeandMorphology(一)unitesofmeasurement:μm(micronormicrometer);nm;(二)Basicmorphology:Coccus;Bacillus;Spirillarbacterium;(Vibrio;Spirillum;)(三)Arrangementofbacteria二.Basicstructureofbacteria(一)CellWall第2页共20页1.Function2.Composition.Maincomponent:Peptidoglycan(i.e.mucopeptide)(1)Backbone:;（2）Sidechain;.（3）(Gly)5peptidecross-bridge:(4)CellWallComparisonbetweenGram+andGram-bacteria.(5)LTypebacteria(二)Cellmembrane;Cytoplasma;Nucleus;Mesosome,Chondroid三.Specialstructuresofbacteria.1.Capsule2.Flagellum3.PilusorFimbriae4.Spore四.ExaminationandStaining:Simplestaining:;Complexstaining:ProcedureofGram’sStain;PracticalSignificanceofGram’sstain:BacterialPhysiology(2.5h)一.ChemicalCompositionandPhysicalCharacteristicsofBacteria.(Self-learning)二.GrowthandMutiplicationofbacteria(一)Nutritionaltypesofbacteria(二)Basicrequirmentofbacterialmutiplication1.Nutriention:water;carbonsource;nitrogensource;inorganicsalt;growthfactors(Enzymes,Aminoacid…)2.OptimalpH:7.8-7.6,8.5-9forvibro;3.ProperTemperature:4.Definitegaseous:O2,CO2,N2Anaerobicprinciplesofanaerobes(1)Donotpossesscytochromeoxidasenorcytochrome.(2)Donotpossesshydrogenperoxidase,catalaseandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD).三.Methodsandspeedofbacteriagrowth.第3页共20页Manner:SimplebinaryfissionSpeed:onegeneration/15’-20’;onegeneration/20h.(T.b.)Typicalgrowthcurveofbacteria.1.Lagphase:aperiodofadaptation;2.Logarithmicphase:rapidgrowth3.Stationalphase;4.Declinephase四.Cultivationofbacteria(一)Classificationofmedia(二)Thephenomenonofbacterialgrowth(三)SignificancesofProductsofmedicalimportance:1.Pyrogen:2.Exotoxins:3.Endotoxins:4.Antibiotics:5.Bacteriocin:6.Vitamin:Chap2.Bacterialgeneticsandvariation(3h)一.Bacterialvariation:1.Morphologicalandstructurechange;2.Loseofvirulence;3.Antibiotics-resistantvariation.;4.Colonialvariation.二.Geneticbasisofbacteria(一)Plasmid:Ffactor;Rfactor;Colfactor.(二)Bacteriophage1.Propertiesofphage:2.Relationbetweenhostcellandphage:2.1Virulentphage;2.2Temperatephage(Lysogenicphage)2.3Lysogenicstate:Prophage;2.4Natureofthelysogenicbacteium.3.Applicationofphage(三)transposableelement(jumpinggenes)三.MechanismofBacterialVariation.(一)Mutation.(self-learning)第4页共20页(二）Genetransferandrecombination.1.Transformation:TheNakedDNAderivefromonecellistakenupbyanotherrecipientandDNArecombinationcantakeplace.2.TransductionGenetransfermediatedbyabacteriophage.i.e.theDNAofonebacterialcellisintroducedintoanotherrecipientbybacteriophageinfection.(1)Generalizedtransduction—anyofdonorgeneticinformationtransfertothechromosomeofrecipient(2)Restrictedtransduction—Bacteriophagecanonlytransfercertaingenesfromthedonortorecipientcells.3.LysogenicConversion:SomebacteriaareinfectedbyatemperatephageandtheirDNArecombinatedtogetherandexpressed.4.Conjugation:Manybacteriacantransfergeneticinformation(chromosome,plasmid)throughcontactofthetwocellsbywayofsexpili四．PracticalSignificanceofBacterialVariationDiagnosis:nontypicalstrain;Prevention:vaccine;Clinicaltreatment.Geneticengineering;Genethrapy.Chap.3BacterialDrug-Resistance(3h)1．IntroductionAntibioticresistancinhumanandanimal;mutipleantibioticresistance,mar2.Mainmechanismsofantibioticresistanceformation2.1GeneticMechanismsPlasmidMediatedDrug-ResistanceDrug-resistancecouldbetransmittedbyconjugation.transformationandtransduction.Transposon:IS;Tn;Mu。2.2BiochemicalmechanismTargetsitemodification:PBPs;DNAgyrase;gyrA,gyrBgenemutation..第5页共20页modifiedenzyme:β–lactamaseextended–spectrumβ–lactamaseaminoglycoside-modifiledenzymesactiveeffluxpumpChangeofpermeabilityofbacterialcellwall:porin,OmpF;OmpC。Biofilm3.Commondrug-resistantbacteriainhospitalinfection4.Preventionandtrea