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双语生物化学词汇GlossaryofBiochemistryBilingually李关荣编西南大学AAbsoluteconfiguration[5Abs[lu:tkEn9fi^jU5reiF[n]（绝对构型）Theconfigurationoffourdifferentsubstituentgroupsaroundanasymmetriccarbonatom,inrelationtoD-andL-glyceraldehyde.Absorption[[b5sR:pF[n]（吸收）:transportoftheproductsofdigestionfromtheintestinaltractintotheblood.Acceptorcontrol[[k5sept（[）rk[n5trol]（受体控制）:TheregulationoftherateofrespirationbytheavailabilityofADPasphosphategroupacceptor.Accessorypigments[Ak5ses[ri5pi^m[nt]（辅助色素）:Visiblelight-absorbingpigments(carotenoids,xanthophyll,andphycobilins藻胆素)inplantsandphotosyntheticbacteriathatcomplementchlorophyllsintrappingenergyfromsunlight.Acidosis[7Asi5d[usis]（酸中毒）:Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferisdiminished;usuallyaccompaniedbydecreasedbloodpH.Actin[5Aktin]（肌动蛋白）:Aproteinmakingupthethinfilaments[5fil[m[nt]（细丝）ofmuscle;alsoanimportantcomponentofthecytoskeletonofmanyeukaryoticcells.Activationenergy[Akti5veiF[n5en[dVi](ΔG*)（活化能）:Theamountofenergy(injoules)requiredtoconvertallthemoleculesin1moleofareactingsubstancefromthegroundstatetothetransitionstate.Activator[5Aktiveit[]（活化物、激活剂）(1)ADNA-bindingproteinthatpositivelyregulatestheexpressionofoneormoregenes;thatis,transcriptionratesincreasewhenanactivatorisboundtotheDNA.(2)Apositivemodulatorofanallostericenzyme.Activesite[5Aktivsait]（活性部位）Theregionofanenzymesurfacethatbindsthesubstratemoleculeandcatalyticallytransformsit;alsoknownasthecatalyticsite.Activetransport[5AktivtrAns5pR:t]（主动运输）Energy-requiringtransportofasoluteacrossamembraneinthedirectionofincreasingconcentration.Activity[Ak5tiviti]（活度，活性）Thetruethermodynamicactivityorpotentialofasubstance,asdistinctfromitsmolarconcentration.Activitycoefficient[Ak5tivitikEui5fiF[nt]（活度系数）Thefactorbywhichthenumericalvalueoftheconcentrationofasolutemustbemultipliedtogiveitstruethermodynamicactivity.Adenosine[[5den[si:n]3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate:SeecyclicAMP.Adenosinediphosphate:SeeADP.Adenosinetriphosphate:SeeATP.Adipocyte[5Adip[usait]（脂肪细胞）Ananimalcellspecializedforthestorageoffats(triacylglycerols).Adipose[5Adip[us]tissue:（脂肪组织）Connectivetissuespecializedforthestorageoflargeamountsoftriacylglycerols.ADP(adenosinediphosphate):Aribonucleosidediphosphateservingasphosphategroupacceptorinthecellenergycycle.Aerobe[5ZEr[ub]（需氧生物）Anorganismthatlivesinairandusesoxygenastheterminalelectronacceptorinrespiration.Aerobic[9ei[5r[ubik]Requiringoroccurringinthepresenceofoxygen.Alcoholfermentation[7f[:men5teiF[n]（乙醇发酵）Theanaerobicconversionofglucosetoethanolviaglycolysis.Seealsofermentation.Aldose[5Ald[us]（醛糖）Asimplesugarinwhichthecarbonylcarbonatomisanaldehyde;thatis,thecarbonylcarbonisatoneendofthecarbonchain.Alkalosis[7Alk[5l[usis]（碱中毒）Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferisdiminished;usuallyaccompaniedbyanincreaseinbloodpH.Allostericenzyme[9Al[5sterik5enzaim]（变/别构效应）Aregulatoryenzyme,withcatalyticactivitymodulatedbythenoncovalentbindingofaspecificmetaboliteatasiteotherthantheactivesite.Allostericprotein[5pr[uti:n]（变/别构蛋白）Aprotein(generallywithmultiplesubunits)withmultipleligand-bindingsites,suchthatligandbindingatonesiteaffectsligandbindingatanother.Allostericsite（变/别构部位）Thespecificsiteonthesurfaceofanallostericenzymemoleculetowhichthemodulatororeffectormoleculeisbound.αhelix[5hi:liks]（α-螺旋）Ahelicalconformationofapolypeptidechain,usuallyright-handed,withmaximalintrachainhydrogenbonding;oneofthemostcommonsecondarystructuresinproteins.Ames[eimz]test:Asimplebacterialtestforcarcinogens,basedontheassumptionthatcarcinogensaremutagens.Aminoacidactivation（氨基酸活化）ATP-dependentenzymaticesterificationofthecarboxylgroupofanaminoacidtothe3'-hydroxylgroupofitscorrespondingtRNA.Aminoacids[5Amin[U5Asidz]（氨基酸）anAmino-substitutedcarboxylicacids,thebuildingblocksofproteins.Amino-terminalresidue[5rezidju:]（氨基末端残基）Theonlyaminoacidresidueinapolypeptidechainwithafreea-aminogroup;definestheaminoterminusofthepolypeptide.Aminoacyl-tRNA:（氨酰tRNA）AnaminoacylesterofatRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetases:（氨酰tRNA合成酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzesynthesisofanaminoacyl-tRNAattheexpenseofATPenergy.Aminotransferases[[7mi:n[U5trAnsf[7reis]（氨基转移酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzethetransferofaminogroupsfromα-aminotoα-ketoacids;alsocalledtransaminases.Ammonotelic[7Am[Un[5telik]（排氨的）Excretingexcessnitrogenintheformofammonia.Amphibolicpathway[9Amfi5bClik5pB:Wwei]（双向代谢途径）Ametabolicpathwayusedinbothcatabolismandanabolism.Amphipathic[9Amfi5pAWik]（双亲的）Containingbothpolarandnonpolardomains.Ampholyte[9Amf[lait]（两性电解质）Asubstancethatcanactaseitherabaseoranacid.Amphoteric[9Amf[5terik]（两性的）Capableofdonatingandacceptingprotons,thusabletoserveasanacidorabase.Anabolism[[5nAb[lizm]（合成代谢）Thephaseofintermediarymetabolismconcernedwiththeenergy-requiringbiosynthesisofcellcomponentsfromsmallerprecursors.Anaerobe[A5nei[r[ub]（厌氧生物）Anorganismthatliveswithoutoxygen.Obligateanaerobes（专性厌氧生物）diewhenexposedtooxygen.Anaerobic[7Anei[5r[Ubik]（厌氧的）Occurringintheabsenceofairoroxygen.Anaplerotic[AnQplE5rRnik]reaction:（回补反应）Anenzyme-catalyzedreactionthatcanreplenishthesupplyofintermediatesinthecitricaci