yong高考英语阅读训练掌握主旨大意

阅读理解能力提高技巧（二）Improvingyourreadingability（2）I.考查主旨大意题常见的题干命题者大多就段落/短文的主题（theme/topic）、主题思想（mainidea）、标题（title）等进行拟题。例如：1.Thesubject/topicoftheparagraph（passage/article）is.2.Theparagraph（text/passage）dealswith.3.Whattopicistreatedinthistext(passage）？4.Themainideaoftheparagraph（passage）is.5.Fromtheparagraph（text）weknowthat.6.Theparagraph（passage）couldbeentitled.7.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheparagraph（text)？8.Thebesttitleforthistext(passage)couldbe.9.Theparagraph（text／passage）ismainlyabout.10.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastparagraph？11.Whattopicistheparagraph（text)discussed？12.Thepurposeoftheparagraph（passage）is.13.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?这类题目要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(mainidea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，主旨大意题经常是用记叙文、议论文。要作好主旨大意题首先要能迅速找到文章的主题句。记叙文和议论文的主题句常出现在文章的开头，但有时也出现在结尾，甚至出现在段中。要准确找到主题句更重要的是从全文去把握。II.如何做主旨大意题做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词.3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：Onthewhole,inshort,therefore…Iagreewiththeopinionthat…Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…II.如何做主旨大意题主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的。理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的。III.突破方法1.在阅读中，尽量运用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，如：在forexample,first,second,tobeginwith等之前的句子或在allinall,aboveall，inaword，inshort,sumup,therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中寻找并确定。2.Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…/Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…等句子后。3.对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答案。如何寻找主题句Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。13Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.开门见山提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.分清mainidea和supportingsentencesSample2Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarette…smokingalsocancauseotherhealthyproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点，呈现出一个正三角形的模式。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有80%是这样写的。Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man’sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Therefore，manhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.先陈述细节,后归纳要点,印象,结论,建议或结果,以概括主题.这是最常见的归纳法写作方式。Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney．Goldcanbeusedtomakerings，earrings，andotherthings，Goldisalsousedtomakeagoldleaf,averyflatribbonofgoldthatisoftenusedonpictureframes．Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmanyuses.本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结论，即金子有多种用途。这种带结论性的句子应视为主题句。Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi--onalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance这种以先陈述细节,后归纳要点,印象,结论,建议或结果,以概括主题.这是最常见的归纳法写作方式。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。Sample9Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.Peoplewholiveincountrieswithmanydoctorsandmodernhospitalsareworld’shealthiestpeople--right？Notnecessarily.Somegroupsofpeoplewhohavenodoctorsorhospitalsatallareamongtheworld’shealthiest.Forexample，peoplewholiveonsmall,farawayislandsgetveryfewdisea