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MEDICALMICROBIOLOGYM.B.B.S.PhaseIIIMMUNOLOGYLecture–1.IntroductiontoImmunologyDr.DurgadasNaik,InternationalMedicalSchoolManagementandScienceUniversity,Malaysia20-10-2010Microbiology:SystematicstudyofMicroorganismsMicroorganisms:Bacteria,Fungi,Algae,Parasites,Viruses,PrionsandViroidsBasicbranches·Bacteriology–StudyofBacteria·Virology–StudyofViruses·Mycology–StudyofFungi·Parasitology–Studyofparasites·Phycology–StudyofalgaeAppliedBranches·MedicalMicrobiology–Studyofmicroorganismsofmedicalimportance·AgriculuralMicrobiology–StudyofmicroorganismsinAgriculture·FoodMicrobiology–StudyofMicroorganismsinFood·EnvironmentalMicrobiology–StudyofMicroorganismsinEnvironment·IndustrialMicrobiology–StudyofMicroorganismsappliedinindustriesMedicalMicrobiologyBranches·MedicalBacteriology–StudyofBacteria·MedicalVirology–StudyofViruses·MedicalMycology–StudyofFungi·MedicalParasitology–Studyofparasites·Immunology–StudyofImmunity(involvesimmunesystem,immuneresponse)Immunity:Theresistanceofferedbyhostagainstmicroorganisms(biomolecules)ortheirpartsorproducts(toxins).InThisCourseYouStudy:•Defensesysteminhumans,organsandcellsinvolved•Differentdefensemechanisms•Roleofdefensecells,antigen,antibodies,complementandcytokinesinimmunity.•Differenttypesofantigenandantibodies•Innateandacquiredimmunity-humoralandcellmediated.•Differenttypesofhypersensitivityreactionsandmechanismsinvolved.•RoleofMHCinantigenrecognitionandtransplantation•Differenttypesofimmunodeficiencydiseases•Autoimmunity,Tumorimmunology•Importanceofvaccinesandimmunization•DifferenttypesofantigenantibodyreactionsandtheirapplicationHistoricalAspects1.EdwerdJenner:Introducedthetechniqueofvaccinationusingcowpoxmaterialin1876.Jenner’svaccinationledtotheeradicationofsmallpox.2.LouisPasteur:Developedvaccineforanthraxandrabies(1881).Heattenuatedculturesofanthraxbacillibyincubatingathighertemperature42-43C&provedthatinoculationofsuchculturesoftheanthraxbacillusinducedspecificprotectionagainstanthrax.Hisdiscoveryofrabiesvaccineisoneoftheremarkablediscoveriesinhistoryofmankind.3.ElieMetchnikoff(1883)Discoveredthephenomenonofphagocytosisandproposedphagocyticresponseastheprimedefenseagainstthemicrobialinvasionoftissues.Thisledtocellularconceptofimmunity.4.Buchner(1889)discoveredaheatlabilesubstance,whichwasbactericidalandtermeditas“alexine”.SubsequentlyBordet(1895)discoveredcombinedactionofthetwosubstances.Onebeingantibodyandanotheralexine.Heusedtheterm“Complement”foralexine.5.Robertkoch(1890)describedhypersensitivityReactionknownasKoch’sphenomenon.6.KarlLandsteiner(1900)discoveredABObloodgroups.7.Burnet(1957)putforwardedclonalselectionTheoryforantibodysynthesis.In1967,hedevelopedtheconceptofimmunologicalsurveillance.8.MedawarandBurnet(1940-1950)explainedsuccessfultransplantspossiblebyelectiveimmunosuppressionandproperselectionofdonors.Since1975,Numberofscientistshaveworked-Molecularlevelstudy,detectionofEnzymes,Hormones,microorganisms,parts,productsbyusingnewtechniques,diagnosisofdiseases,Immunotherapy,Immunogenetics,Transplantation,autoimmunediseasesMonoclonalantibodies.Witheverymilestoneindiscoveriesregardinghumandefensesystemanddifferentcells,componentsinvolvedindefensemechanisms,thespecialfieldofImmunologyhasemergedandconsideredtobeanessentialbranchofmedicalmicrobiology.DevelopmentoftheImmuneSystemRBCPlateletsMyeloidStemcellsNeutrophilBaso.,EosinMonocytesLymphoidstemcellsNaturalKillercellsThymusCD8+CD4+CTLTH2TH1LymphoblastLymphoblastT-LymphocytesB-LymphocytesLymphoidSystemLymphoidOrgans•CentralThymus(Tlymphocytes)BoneMarrow(BursaofFabricius)-(Blymphocytes)PeripheralLymphnodesSpleenMalt-MucosaAsociatedLymphoidTisseGalt–GutAssociatedLymphoidTissueBalt–BronchusAssociatedLymphoidTissueCellsinImmuneSystemLymphocytes–Tcells,Bcells,NaturalKillercellsNeutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils,Mastcells,Monocytes,Macrophages,DendriticcellsImmunity-Classification