Teachingpurpose:TohavearoughideaoftranslationandcultureToknowthearrangementofthecourseTolearnconceptoftranslationfromculturalpointofviewFocusesanddifficulties:Whatistranslationfromtheangleofculture?PartBIntroductiontothecourseI.NecessityofCulturalStudyofTranslationHeisafox•Sheisacat•Culturalsimilaritiesandculturaldifferences•YourtextbookbyProf.BaiJingyu,•pp5-6•Dumpling:aroundedmassofsteamedandseasoneddough,oftenservedinsouporwithstewedmeat.•jiaozi:II.Contentofthecourse•TheoryonCulturalStudiesonTranslation•TranslationofCulturally–LoadedWordsandExpressions•CulturalTraps•TranslationPracticePartCTheoryonCulturalStudiesonTranslation•ChapterOneACulturalStudyonConceptofTranslation•Translationisnotanewactivity.Indeed,referencetoBabelshowsthatasanoccupationitisalmostasoldashistory.•Thestudyoftranslationbeganwiththeemergenceoftranslationanddefinitionsoftranslationarealmostasnumerousandvariedasthepersonswhohaveundertakentodiscussthesubject.Ⅰ.TheDevelopmentoftheConceptofTranslationandCulturalExchange•People’sunderstandingofthenatureoftranslationhasundergoneadevelopingprocessfromtheappearancetotheessence.•1.Webster’slexicologicaldefinition•“Webster'sNewCollegiateDictionary”,(1960)translationmeans“toturnintoone'sownlanguageoranotherlanguage”.•2.Slype’s“traditional”definition•A“traditional”definitioncitedbySlypemayserveasanexample.Accordingtothisdefinition,translationis•“theprocessofreplacementofatextwritteninasourcelanguagebyatextwritteninatargetlanguage,theobjectivebeingamaximumequivalenceofmeaning.”•3.Nida’sCommunicativedefinition•EugeneNidaintroducedinformationtheoryintotranslationtheory.Accordingtohim,translationmeansreproducingthemessagesofSLwiththemostapproximateandmostnaturalequivalentsofTLbothsemanticallyandstylistically.•Hedefinitelydeclaresthattranslatingmeanscommunicating(MeaningAcrossCultures20).Ⅱ.OurDefinitionofTranslation•1.Translationitselfistheprocessofculturalexchange•PeterNewmark•2.Translationistheproductofculturalexchange•3.Translationisakindofinterculturalcommunication•4.Translationismainlyforculturalexchange•Inaword,translationisakindofinterculturalcommunicationwitharelativelyhighdegreeofculturalexchange,andtotranslateistoseekthehighestpossibledegreeofculturalexchangethroughhistoughworkofcomparing,introducing,absorbing,etc.Ⅲ.InWhatWaytheDefinitionofTranslationCanHelpUs•1.Itremindsusofavoidingusingsuperficiallyequivalentwordsorphraseswithdifferentculturalbackgroundsinnature•popart•流行艺术•波普艺术•2.Itrequiresustoavoidthenationalizationofforeigncultureintheinterestofthereader(inappropriatedomesticatingtranslation)•e.g.Throughoneviolet-stainedwindowasoftlightglowed,where,nodoubt,theorganistloiteredoverthekeys,makingsureofhismasteryofthecomingSabbathanthem.(O.Henry“TheCopandTheAnthem”)•ChineseVersionbyWangZhongnian(王仲年)•一丝柔和的灯光从紫罗兰色的玻璃窗里透露出来。无疑里面的风琴师为了给星期日唱赞美诗伴奏正在反复练习。(选录自王仲年译:《欧·亨利短篇小说选》,人民文学出版社,1986,31页)•Nevertheless,themomentarygratificationisatthecostofconcealingculturaldifferencesandculturaldisparitiesandeliminatingculturalconsciousnesscausedbydifferentculturalbackground.PartDTranslationofCultural-LoadedWordsandExpression•1.apple•(aroundfruitwithshinyred•orgreenskinandfirmwhiteflesh苹果)•早先的欧洲人把所有的果实都称为apple,这或许和亚当、夏娃在伊甸园偷吃禁果的故事有关。英语中的pineapple(菠萝),其实是由theappleofpine变成的;•loveapple则是指“蕃茄”。•如果翻开英语词典,我们就会发现:apple有两个意义,一个是指“苹果”,•另一个则是称类似苹果的各种水果!•peach(桃子)这个单词表面上看起来似乎与apple无关,其实不然,因为桃子是由Persian(波斯)传人欧洲的。英语中peach是源自于拉丁文persicum,其中pers等于Persian,cum等于apple。追根究底,peach其实是指Persianapple(波斯苹果)的意思哦!•当然并非所有的水果都与apple有关,据说“香蕉”(banana)在阿拉伯语中是指“手指头”,而“葡萄”(grape)在法语中则是“一连串”的意思。•Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.•每日一苹果,医生不上门。/一天一苹果,疾病远离我•2.Adam’sapple•(cartilaginousprojectionatfrontofman’sneck喉结,喉核)•该词组直译是“亚当的苹果”,实际上是用来表示男人的“喉核”,这种表达方式源自《圣经》故事,而且已成为国际性的词组,如;英语Adam’sapple;俄语:Адамовояблоко,法语:Pommed’Adam;德语:Adamsapfel等等。•亚当(Adam)是《圣经》中人类的始祖,而苹果(apple)的历史比人生的历史还要悠久。在世界各文明古国的民间故事中,苹果都是深受人们喜爱的一种果实。英语中有个谚语Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.(每天一个苹果,医生远远去。)就是说经常吃苹果有益身体健康。但是据《圣经》故事记载,苹果也给人类带来麻烦,男人的喉结就是因为吃苹果引起的。•《圣经·旧约·创世纪》第三章讲到人类的起源:上帝创造了人类的始祖亚当和夏娃,在东方伊甸建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园生长着各种各样的果树木,树上长着各种各样的果实,上帝吩咐亚当说;你可以随便吃果园里的任何果实,只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果子,吃了以后必定要死。这种“禁果”就是apple(苹果)。后来夏娃听信了蛇的诱惑,不顾神谕,吃了善恶树上的禁果,还把这果子分给亚当吃。•亚当因心怀恐惧,吃时仓促,有一片果内卡在喉中,不上不下,留下了个结块。因而这个结块就叫作“亚当的苹果”(Adam’sapple)。两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮,能知善恶美丑。但由于他违背了上帝的告诫,就被逐出了伊甸园。所以亚当就永远在脖子前端留下喉结作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。上帝还惩罚亚当“必汗流满面才能糊口”。由于《圣经》文学的广泛流传,在西方许多语言中都留下这种表达方式。•HisAdam’sapplebobbedinhisthroat.•他的喉结在喉咙里上下滚动。•IfindthatyourAdam'sappleisn'tapparent.•我发现你的喉结不明显•3.appleofdiscord•(anysubjectofdisagreementandcontention不和与争斗之源)•习语appleofdiscord直译是“纠纷的苹果”,它出自荷马史诗《伊利亚特》(Iliad)中所记叙的希腊神话故事。•传说希腊的阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神湟柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼。•他们大摆宴席,并邀请了奥林匹斯山(Olympus)的众神参加喜筵,不知是有意还是无意,只是没有邀请专管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)。这位女神气急败坏,便决定在这次喜筵上制造不和(discord)。于是,她不请自来,还悄悄地在筵席上放下了一个金苹果(goldenapple),上面还镂刻着“属于最美者”几个字,当时天后赫拉(Hera),智慧女神雅典娜(Athera),爱与美之神阿芙洛狄蒂(Aphrodite)都认为自己最美,应得金苹果,以获得“最美者”的称号。•她们争执不下,就闹到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里,但是宙斯不愿公开袒护任何人,就要她们去找特洛伊(Troy)的王子帕里斯(Paris),请他评判.三位女神为了得到金苹果都各自许帕里斯某种好处,赫拉许给他以广阔的国土和掌握丰富财产的权力;雅典娜许他以文武全才和胜利的荣誉;阿芙罗狄蒂则许诺把世界上最美丽的女子带来给他做妻子