Unit_12__Politics_and_Economy_(爱尔兰的政治和经济)

Unit12PoliticsandEconomy(爱尔兰的政治和经济)一、本单元重点内容1.Representativedemocracy(代议民主制)2.ThestructureofIrishgovernment（爱尔兰政府的结构）3.Checksandbalances(制约与平衡)4.CivilServices(公务员制度)5.TheIrishlegalsystem(爱尔兰法律制度)6.Small,open,trade-dependenteconomy(小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济)andEconomictransformation(经济转型)7.Ireland’saccessiontotheEUasawatershed(爱尔兰加入欧盟是一个分水岭)8.Socialchange(社会变迁)9.Newprosperity(新的繁荣)andNewinequalities(新的不平等)二、本单元重、难点辅导1.Thepoliticalsystem1)Representativedemocracy(代议民主制)2)Republic(共和制)2.ThestructureofIrishgovernment（爱尔兰政府的结构）1)ThePresidentThePresidentactsasasymbolicHeadofStateonlyanddoesnothaveexecutivefunctions.TheIrishPresidencyperhapsisnearertothestatusofthepresentQueeninEnglandthantothatofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates.(爱尔兰的总统是象征性的国家元首，并不具有行政职能,更像英国的女王而不像美国的总统。）ThePresident’stermofofficeis7years.Apresidentcanbereelectedonceonly.Everycitizenof35yearsofageoroveriseligibletorunforPresident.(总统任期7年，总统是选举出来的，现任总统玛丽·麦卡利斯)2)TheGovernment(行政机关)Theexecutivepowers(行政权力)oftheStateareexerciseby,orontheauthorityof,theGovernment.TheConstitutionprovidesthattheGovernmentshallconsistofnotlessthan7andnotmorethan15members:allmustbeelectedmembersoftheIrishparliament.TheGovernmentactscollectivelyandisresponsibletotheDail(爱尔兰国会之下议院)orIrishParliament.ThePrimeMinister(总理)orTaoiseach(爱尔兰共和国总理)isappointedbythePresidentonthenominationoftheParliament.ThePrimeMinisterandDeputyPrimeMinisterappointacabinettoexecutethedailybusinessofgovernment.(宪法规定，政府包括7-15名成员，都必须是国会议员。爱尔兰共和国的总理由总统根据议会的提名任命的。总理和副总理任命一个内阁来处理政府的日常事务。)EachmemberoftheGovernmentheadsoneDepartmentofState.GovernmentministersareassistedintheirworkbyMinistersofState(部长助理，副部长whoarenotmembersoftheGovernment).ThePrimeMinisteralsoappointsanAttorneyGeneral(首席检察官，检查总长),whoisnotamemberoftheGovernment,butactsaslegaladviseroftheGovernmentandmayattendCabinetmeetings.3)Parliament(立法机关)---thelaw-makingbranchTheParliamentofIrelandhas2houses:theDail(众议院)andSeanad(参议院)ortheSenate.爱尔兰议会有两个院：众议院和参议院，众议院又称下议院.政府向下议院负责。Governmentpolicyandadministrationmaybeexaminedandcriticizedinbothhouses;butundertheConstitutiontheGovernmentisresponsibletotheDailalone.AtpresentIrishParliamenthas166directlyelectedmembersCalledTeachtaiDala(TDs)andtheSenatehas60members.Dailelectionsareheldevery5years.（下议院的选举每5年举行一次）。Theelectoralsystemisacalibratedsystemofvoting,sensitivetoelectoralpreferences.Itiscalledproportionalrepresentation(比例代表制).爱尔兰的选举制度是一种标准的选举制度，对选民的倾向性很敏感。3.Checksandbalances(制约与平衡)TheIrishsystemofgovernmentisbasedontheAmericanprincipleof‘checksandbalances”:thatis,thepoweroftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentcanbecheckedbythelegislature(thetwohousesofparliament)andbythejudiciary(司法部),throughcourtswhichinterpretthelaw.Enforcementisalsopartoftheroleofthecourtsoflaw,andisactuallycarriedoutbythepoliceforce.Boththelegalsystemandthepoliceareconceivedofasindependentofpoliticalinfluence.爱尔兰的政府体制是建立在美国的“制约与平衡”的基础上的。政府行政机关的权力受到立法机关和司法机关的制约，立法机关指议会的两院，司法机关指负责解释法律的法院。执法也是法院的部分职能，不过具体由警方来执行。普遍认为爱尔兰的法律体系和警察机关不受政治影响。4.CivilServices(公务员制度)ThecivilserviceinIrelandisdividedinto16GovernmentDepartments,eachheadedbyaMinisterappointedbythePrimeMinister.Ministershavefinalresponsibilityfortheseareas.Thecivilserviceispoliticallyindependentintheperformanceofitsdutiesandhasnoinvolvementinpartypolitics.Infact,partypoliticalactivityisstrictlyforbiddenforallmiddleandhigh-rankingcivilservants.RecruitmenttothecivilserviceisbypubliccompetitiveexamsadministeredbytheindependentCivilServiceCommissionandisopentoeverycitizenoftheRepublic.Atpresent,therearesome30,000peopleemployedinthecivilservice.爱尔兰的文职机关被分为16个政府部门，每个部门由一位部长领导，部长是由总理任命的。这些部长门对这些领域负有终级责任。公务员制度是一种行使职责时保持政治独立性的制度，不涉及任何党派纷争。事实上，爱尔兰严厉禁止中高级公务员参与党派政治活动。招聘公务员是通过独立的公务员制度委员会举办的公开竞争性考试来进行的，招聘面向爱尔兰共和国的每一个公民。目前，爱尔兰大约有3万名公务员。5.TheIrishlegalsystem(爱尔兰法律制度)Thecourtsarearrangedinahierarchy,insuchawaythatthejudgmentofonemaybeappealedtoanothercourtwhichhasgreaterpower.AtthebottomofthisladderistheDistrictCourt.ThenextrungisrepresentedbytheCircuitCourt,whichtriesmoreseriouscases.ThenextrungontheladderiscalledtheHighCourt.TheHighCourthasfulljurisdictionanddeterminingpowerinallmattersoflaworfact,civilorcriminal.TheSupremeCourtisthecourtoffinalappeal.JudgesareappointedbythePresidentontheadviceoftheGovernment.(法官由总统根据政府的提议任命).AllresidentsofIrelandarequalifiedtovoteatlocalelections,regardlessofcitizenship.爱尔兰的法院是按层级排列的，这样一来，低一级的法庭判决的案件可以上诉权力更大的法庭。处在这个阶级底层的是地方法院，再往上一级是巡回法院，巡回法院审理更加重大的案件。再上一级是高级法院。高级法院对所有的法律事务---无论是民事还是刑事的---有充分的管辖权和决定权。最高法院是上诉的终极法院。法官由总统根据政府的提议任命.爱尔兰的所有居民无论是什么国籍，都有资格参加地方性选举。6.Economy经济（转型)Uptill1970’stheIrisheconomywasinward-looking(内向型的).ButnowIrelandisasmall,open,trade-dependenteconomy(小型，开放，贸易依赖型经济)andtheIrisheconomyhasbeentransformedfrombeingagrarianandhavingatraditionalmanufacturingbasetooneincreasinglybasedonthehi-techandinternationallytradedservices.Theservicessectoraccountedforabout2/3ofemployment.在20世纪70年代之前，爱尔兰经济一直是内向型的，但是现在，爱尔兰是一个小型，开放，贸易依赖型的经济体。爱尔兰经济已经转型，从传统的以农牧业和制造业为主转变为以高科技和国际贸易服务业为主。7.Ireland’saccessiontotheEUasawatershed(爱尔兰加入欧盟是一个分水岭)Ireland’saccessiontoEUin1971hasprovidedthefollowingbenef