Unit6HypotacticvsParatactic

Unit6Hypotacticvs.Paratactic(形合与意合)1.MoreParataxisinChineseandMoreHypotaxisinEnglish2.SomeParatacticMethodsinEnglish3.ChineseTranslationofParatacticsentencesinEnglish•问答题：（1）刚性语言与柔性语言之间的差别是什么？举例说明英汉两种不同的语言特征。•刚性语言句子结构完整，主谓必须一致，即形式必须接应（formalcohesion）,例如：•Hehasstudiedabroadfortwoyears.•柔性语言句子结构灵活，更关注意念接应（semanticcoherence）。例如：•一言既出，驷马难追。•Awordoncespokencannotbeovertakenevenbyateamoffourhorses---whatissaidcannotbeunsaid.•Hypotaxis(形合)isthedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives;forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.•Parataxis(意合)isthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:1)Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewaswashedaway.2)Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.3)Heworkedhard,hewasstillpoor.•MoreconjunctionsareusedinEnglish.e.g.If,although,because,when,inorderthat,sothat…（1）ThenovelwassointerestingthatIreaditseveraltimes.译文1:小说是如此有趣以至于我把它读了好几遍。译文2：小说很有趣，我读了好几遍。•Translationene：他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽·布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候......，•两个似以联合关系配列的汉句，常常隐含种种逻辑上的从属关系。两句间的逻辑关系并未因用连词，而趋于模糊；省略连词，表示一气呵成，更显畅洁。恰恰形成对照的是，相应的英语表达却必须变隐含为明示，在逻辑上理清主句与从句的关系，并使用适当的连词而构成形合句。（2）远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在；人来鸟不惊。EnglishTranslation:Whenyoulookafar,themountainsaregreenandclear,（a）Butnosoundofstreamisheardwhenlisteningnear.（a）Theflowersremaininfullbloomwhenspring’saway,（b）Ahumanbeing’sapproachthebirddoesn’tfray.（b）1.MoreParataxisinChineseandMoreHypotaxisinEnglish1.1隐含“条件”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句：（1）早知今日，何必当初。•IfIhadknownitwouldcometothis,Iwouldhaveacteddifferently.（2）把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交待？•Ifthechildcatchesachill,whatarewegoingtosaytoitsmother?1.2隐含“时间”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句（3）他老是见异思迁。•Heisalwayschanginghismindthemomentheseessomethingnew.（4）他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。•Hehasneverbeenbacktohisbirthplacesinceheleftittenyearsago.1.3隐含“结果”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句（5）他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思。Hespokesorapidlythatwecouldnotclearlyunderstandhim.（6）天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。Itwassocoldthattheriverfroze.1.4隐含“原因”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句（7）我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。Icouldnotmakeoutwhohewasaslonlysawhisback.（8）地面潮湿，一定下过雨了。Itmusthaverained,sincethegroundiswet.1.5隐含“递进”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句（10）汤姆做了这件事，做得非常成功。Tomdidit,anddiditverysuccessfully.（11）他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。Theynotonlyovercametheadversitybutwonabumperharvest.1.6隐含“转折”关系的汉语意句与英语形合句（9）江山易改，本性难移。Itiseasytochangeriversandmountainsbuthardtochangeaperson’snature.（10）他起初同意了，过后又反悔了。Atfirstheagreed,butlaterhebackedout.1.7隐含“对比”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句（11）上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。•Shanghaiwasonceparadisefortheadventurers,butthehellfortheworkingpeople.（12）总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。•Inaword,whiletheprospectsarebright,theroadhastwistsandturns.2.SomeParatacticMethodsinEnglish（1）Pooracousticsspoilttheperformance.＝Becausetheacousticswaspoor,theperformancewasspoilt.音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。（2）Thegoodtidingsfilledthewholenationwithjoy．＝Whenthegoodtidingscame,thewholenationwasfilledwithjoy.捷报传来，举国欢腾。（3）Hungerdrovethemtoselltheirchildren.原译：饥饿使他们卖儿卖女。改译1：他们因饥饿卖儿卖女。改译2：他们饥饿难忍，卖儿卖女。改译3：他们饿得卖儿卖女。（4）Illnesshadrenderedhimratherweak.原译：疾病使他变得相当虚弱。改译1：他因病相当虚弱。改译2：他身患疾病，相当虚弱。改译3：他病得相当虚弱。（5）Hisarrogancemadeeveryonedislikehim.原译：他的傲慢使谁也不喜欢他。改译：他态度傲慢，谁也不喜欢他。改译：他傲得没人喜欢他。（6）Thecoldweatherturnedtheleavesred.原译：寒冷的天气使树叶变红了。改译：天气冷了，树叶（变）红了。3.C-ETranslationofParatacticsentences（1）Howcouldyou,whenyouknowthatthismightdamagetheapparatus?•译文A:既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你怎么能这样做呢？（形合）•译文B:你知道这样会损坏仪器，怎么能这样做呢？（意合）（2）Ifyoutellmeallaboutit,Ishallbeabletodecide.•译文A:如果你把一切都告诉我，那么，我就能作出决定。(形合)•译文B:你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定了。(意合)（3）Alittleofeverythingandnothingatall.如果什么事情都是浅尝辄止，终将一事无成。(形合)（4）Admonishyourfriendsinprivate,praisetheminpublic.私下忠告你的朋友，公开场合表扬你的朋友。(意合)（5）Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,whenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep—butforever.•让他一个人留在房里总共不过两分钟，当我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——但已经永远睡着了。(形合)TranslationAssignment•HowaWisemanSeesit[1]AmanrecognizedasageniusinbusinesscircleswasinvitedasaguestofhonortoaTVinterview.Everybodywaseagertohearasuccessstoryfromhim.He,however,onlysaidwithaslightsmile,“Won’titbebetterformetoaskyouforadviceonacertainproblem?”[2]Hereistheproblemheraised:Peopleallrushedtotheplacewhereagoldminehadrecentlybeendiscovered,buttheywereblockedbyariverflowingacrosstheonlywaytoit.Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereamongthem?[3]“Makearoundaboutway”,someonesuggested.“Swimacross”，saidanother.•Thegeniussmiledwithoutaword.Eventuallyhegavehisview:“Whynotdosomethingelseinsteadofrushingtothemine?Howaboutbuyingaboattodosomeferrying?”[4]Theaudiencewasshocked.Heexploredcalmly:“Themancouldextortmoneyfromthepassengerstothegreatestextent.Theywerewillingtopaybecausetherewasgoldontheotherbank”.[5]Dowhattheotherswouldnotliketoordosomethingneverattemptedbeforebyothers----thatisthekeytosuccess.Astraitenedcircumstance,intheeyesofawiseman,oftenmeansapotentialchanceforsuccess.TranslationWorkshop•HowaWisemanSeesit•[1]AmanrecognizedasageniusinbusinesscircleswasinvitedasaguestofhonortoaTVinterview.Everybodywaseagertohearasuccessstoryfromhim.He,however,onlysaidwithaslightsmile,“Won’titbebetterformetoaskyouforadviceonacertainproblem?”原译：一个聪明的人是怎样看待的？•一个在商业界被认为是天才的人被邀请去一个电视访谈节目做嘉宾。每一个人都很迫切地希望从他那里听到一个成功的故事。但是，他只是微笑了一下说道：“让我来征求一下你们对一个特定的问题的建议不是