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1MartinLutherKingSpeech–Wheredowegofromhere1.Now,inordertoanswerthequestion,Wheredowegofromhere?whichisourtheme,wemustfirsthonestlyrecognizewherewearenow.WhentheConstitution（宪法）waswritten,astrangeformulatodetermine（决定）taxesandrepresentation（代表权）declared（声明）thattheNegrowas60percentofaperson.Todayanothercuriousformulaseemstodeclareheis50percentofaperson.Ofthegoodthingsinlife,theNegrohasapproximately（大概，约）onehalfthoseofwhites.Ofthebadthingsoflife,hehastwicethoseofwhites.ThushalfofallNegroesliveinsubstandardhousing.AndNegroeshavehalftheincomeofwhites.Whenweviewthenegative（不好的）experiencesoflife,theNegrohasadoubleshare.Therearetwiceasmanyunemployed.Therateofinfant（婴儿）mortality（死亡率）amongNegroesisdoublethatofwhitesandtherearetwiceasmanyNegroesdyinginVietnamaswhitesinproportion（按比例）totheirsizeinthepopulation.Stylisticdevices：AntithesisOfthegoodthingsinlife,theNegrohasapproximatelyonehalfthoseofwhites.Ofthebadthingsoflife,hehastwicethoseofwhites.SynecdocheTodayanothercuriousformulaseemstodeclareheis50percentofaperson.2.Inotherspheres（领域）,thefiguresareequallyalarming（令人震惊）.Inelementaryschools（小学）,Negroeslag（落后）onetothreeyearsbehindwhites,andtheirsegregated（种族隔离的）schoolsreceivesubstantially（低于标准的）lessmoneyperstudentthanthewhiteschools.OnetwentiethasmanyNegroesaswhitesattendcollege.OfemployedNegroes,75percentholdmenialjobs（琐碎的，没有技术含量的工作）.···3.Thisiswhereweare.Wheredowegofromhere?First,wemustmassively（坚决）assert（维护）ourdignityandworth.Wemuststandupamidstasystemthatstilloppresses（压迫）usanddevelopanunassailable（不可否认的，不容置疑的）andmajestic（崇高的）senseofvalues.Wemustnolongerbeashamedofbeingblack.Thejobofarousing（唤醒）manhoodwithinapeoplethathavebeentaughtforsomanycenturiesthattheyarenobodyisnoteasy.StylisticdevicesAnaphorawemustmassivelyassertourdignityandworth.Wemuststandupamidstasystemthatstilloppressesusanddevelopanunassailableandmajesticsenseofvalues.Wemustnolongerbeashamedofbeingblack.4.Evensemantics（语义学）haveconspired（合谋）tomakethatwhichisblackseemugly（丑陋的）anddegrading（卑劣的）.InRoget'sThesaurusthereare120synonyms（同义词）forblacknessandatleast60ofthemareoffensive（冒犯的，令人不快的）,asforexample,blot（污渍）,soot（煤烟）,grim（讨厌，可憎）,devil（魔鬼）andfoul（肮脏的）.Andtherearesome134synonymsforwhitenessandallare2favorable（讨人喜欢的，褒义的）,expressed（表述）insuchwordsaspurity（纯洁）,cleanliness（洁净）,chastity（贞洁）andinnocence（纯真）.Awhitelieisbetterthanablacklie.Themostdegenerate（腐化的，为人不齿的）memberofafamilyisablacksheep.OssieDavishassuggestedthatmaybetheEnglishlanguageshouldbereconstructed（重建，重塑）sothatteacherswillnotbeforcedtoteachtheNegrochild60waystodespise（鄙视，贬低）himself,andtherebyperpetuate(使…永久长存)hisfalsesenseofinferiority（自卑感）,andthewhitechild134waystoadore（崇拜，高视）himself,andtherebyperpetuatehisfalsesenseofsuperiority（优越感）.StylisticdevicesPersonificationEvensemanticshaveconspiredtomakethatwhichisblackseemuglyanddegrading.Antithesis1.InRoget'sThesaurusthereare120synonymsforblacknessandatleast60ofthemareoffensive,asforexample,blot,soot,grim,devilandfoul.Andtherearesome134synonymsforwhitenessandallarefavorable,expressedinsuchwordsaspurity,cleanliness,chastityandinnocence.2.sothatteacherswillnotbeforcedtoteachtheNegrochild60waystodespisehimself,andtherebyperpetuatehisfalsesenseofinferiority,andthewhitechild134waystoadorehimself,andtherebyperpetuatehisfalsesenseofsuperiority.MetonymyAwhitelieisbetterthanablacklie.MetaphorThemostdegeneratememberofafamilyisablacksheep.5.ThetendencytoignoretheNegro'scontributiontoAmericanlifeandtostriphimofhispersonhood（人格）,isasoldastheearliesthistorybooksandascontemporary（当代的，同时代的）asthemorning'snewspaper.Toupsetthisculturalhomicide（谋杀，灭杀）,theNegromustriseupwithanaffirmationofhisownOlympian（崇高的）manhood.AnymovementfortheNegro'sfreedomthatoverlooks（忽视）thisnecessityisonlywaitingtobeburied（埋葬）.Aslongasthemindisenslaved（束缚）,thebodycanneverbefree.Psychologicalfreedom,afirmsenseofself-esteem,isthemostpowerfulweaponagainstthelongnightofphysicalslavery.NoLincolnianEmancipationProclamation（解放宣言）orJohnsonianCivilRightsBillcantotallybringthiskindoffreedom.TheNegrowillonlybefreewhenhereachesdowntotheinnerdepthsofhisownbeingandsignswiththepenandinkofassertive（肯定的，自信的）manhoodhisownEmancipationProclamation.And,withaspiritstraining（努力，尽力）towardtrueself-esteem（自我尊严感）,theNegromustboldly（大胆的）throwoffthemanacles（手铐脚镣，枷锁）ofself-abnegation（自暴自弃，自我放弃）andsaytohimselfandtotheworld,Iamsomebody.Iamaperson.Iamamanwithdignityandhonor.Ihavearichandnoblehistory.Howpainfulandexploitedthathistoryhasbeen.Yes,Iwasaslavethroughmyforeparents（祖先）andIamnotashamedofthat.I'mashamedofthepeoplewhoweresosinful（可耻的）tomakemeaslave.Yes,wemuststandupandsay,I'mblackandI'mbeautiful,andthisself-affirmationistheblackman'sneed,madecompelling（迫切的）bythewhiteman'scrimesagainsthim.··thefirsttaskstylisticdevices3SimileThetendencytoignoretheNegro'scontributiontoAmericanlifeandtostriphimofhispersonhood,isasoldastheearliesthistorybooksandascontemporaryasthemorning'snewspaper.PersonificationAnymovementfortheNegro'sfreedomthatoverlooksthisnecessityisonlywaitingtobeburied.Metaphor1.Psychologicalfreedom,afirmsenseofself-