EugeneANida等翻译家简介

EugeneA.Nida(bornNovember11,1914)isthedeveloperofthedynamic-equivalenceBible-translationtheory.LifeNidawasborninOklahomaCity,OklahomaonNovember11,1914.HebecameaChristianatayoungage,whenherespondedtothealtarcallathischurch“toacceptChristasmySaviour.”HegraduatedsummacumlaudefromtheUniversityofCaliforniain1936.AftergraduatingheattendedCampWycliffe,whereBibletranslationtheorywastaught.HeministeredforashorttimeamongtheTarahumaraIndiansinMexico,untilhealthproblemsduetoaninadequatedietandthehighaltitudeforcedhimtoleave.Sometimeinthisperiod,NidabecameafoundingchartermemberofWycliffeBibleTranslators,asisterorganizationoftheSummerInstituteofLinguistics.In1937,NidaundertookstudiesattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,whereheobtainedaMaster’sDegreeinNewTestamentGreekin1939.Inthatsameyear,EugeneNidabecameinterimpastorofCalvaryChurchofSantaAna,CA,afterthefoundingpastorresignedin1939.Inspiteofhisconservativebackground,inlateryearsNidabecameincreasinglyecumenicalandNewEvangelicalinhisapproach.In1943NidareceivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan,hewasordainedasaBaptistminister,andhemarriedAltheaLucilleSprague.ThecoupleremainedmarrieduntilAltheaSpragueNida'sdeathin1993.In1997,NidamarriedDr.ElenaFernandez,atranslatorandinterpreter.Nidaretiredintheearly1980sandcurrentlylivesinBrussels,Belgium.CareerIn1943NidabeganhiscareerasalinguistwiththeAmericanBibleSociety(ABS).HewasquicklypromotedtoAssociateSecretaryforVersions,thenworkedasExecutiveSecretaryforTranslationsuntilhisretirement.NidawasinstrumentalinengineeringthejointeffortbetweentheVaticanandtheUnitedBibleSocieties(UBS)toproducecross-denominationalBiblesintranslationsacrosstheglobe.Thisworkbeganin1968andwascarriedoninaccordancewithNida'stranslationprincipleofFunctionalEquivalence.TranslationandLinguisticTheoriesNidahasbeenapioneerinthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandlinguistics.HisPh.D.dissertation,,wasthefirstfull-scaleanalysisofamajorlanguageaccordingtotheimmediate-constituenttheory.HismostnotableandmostcontroversialcontributiontotranslationtheoryisDynamicEquivalence,alsoknownasFunctionalEquivalence.Thisapproachtotranslationaimstoreproducetheintentionoftheoriginaltextinthetranslation,ratherthanreproducingtheactualwordsoftheoriginal.Formoreinformation,seeDynamicandformalequivalence.Nidaalsodevelopedthecomponential-analysistechnique,whichsplitwordsintotheircomponentstohelpdetermineequivalenceintranslation(e.g.bachelor=male+unmarried).Thisis,perhaps,notthebestexampleofthetechnique,thoughitisthemostwell-known.Nida'sdynamic-equivalencetheoryisoftenheldinoppositiontotheviewsofphilologistswhomaintainthatanunderstandingofthesourcetext(ST)canbeachievedbyassessingtheinter-animationofwordsonthepage,andthatmeaningisself-containedwithinthetext(i.e.muchmorefocusedonachievingsemanticequivalence).NidaandVenutihaveprovedthattranslationstudiesisamuchmorecomplexdisciplinethanmayfirstappear,withthetranslatorhavingtolookbeyondthetextitselftodeconstructonanintra-textuallevelanddecodeonareferentiallevel—assessingculture-specificitems,idiomandfigurativelanguagetoachieveanunderstandingofthesourcetextandembarkuponcreatingatranslationwhichnotonlytransferswhatwordsmeaninagivencontext,butalsorecreatestheimpactoftheoriginaltextwithinthelimitsofthetranslator'sownlanguagesystem(linkedtothistopic:GeorgeSteiner,theHermeneuticMotion,pragmatics,field,tenor,modeandthelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary).Forexample,astatementthatJesusmetsomeonemustbecarefullytranslatedintoalanguagewhichdistinguishesbetweenmetforthefirsttime,methabituallyandsimplemet.SomewhoareagainstNida'sinfluencehavebeencarelessinsomeoftheiraccusationsagainsthim.Forexample,arecentbookclaimedwithoutdocumentationthatNidawasareviserofthecontroversialRevisedStandardVersionBibletranslationthatremovedthewordvirginfromIsaiah7:14.AsimplelookatPeterThuesen'sbookrevealsthatNidaisnotincludedinthelistofRSVcommitteemembersonpp.74-75ofthebook.Nida’stranslationtheorycanbesummarizedaseffect-oriented,whileNewmark’stranslationtheorycanbesummarizedastext-oriented,bothofwhichpayattentiontothereadersofthetranslationworks．PeterNewmark(12April1916–9July2011)wasanEnglishprofessoroftranslationattheUniversityofSurrey.HewasoneofthemainfiguresinthefoundingofTranslationStudiesintheEnglish-speakingworldintwentiethcentury.HewasalsoveryinfluentialintheSpanish-speakingworld.Heiswidelyreadthroughaseriesofaccessibleandoccasionallypolemicalworks:ATextbookofTranslation(1988),ParagraphsonTranslation(1989),AboutTranslation(1991),MoreParagraphsonTranslation(1998).HewasassociatedwiththefoundinganddevelopmentoftheCentreforTranslationStudiesatSurrey.HewaschairoftheeditorialboardoftheJournalofSpecialisedTranslation.HealsowroteTranslationNowbimonthlyforTheLinguistandwasanEditorialBoardMemberoftheInstituteofLinguists.LinShu(1852-1924)theDepartmentofModernChinafamouswriter,translator,painter,isalsothefirsttranslationofliteraryworksofWesternpeople.LinShuisaprominentfigureinChinesetranslationhistory.Hetranslatedmorethan180foreignworks,whichbroughthimahighreputationintheliter