(average):算术平均值1n①E=aini1211abab2a2b22②当a,b0时,下式成立,当a=b时取等号:ab211aba2b2③ab调和平均,ab几何平均,2算术平均,2加权平均或平方平均2.median:中位数①Themedianisthemiddlevalueofalistwhenthenumbersareinorder.②先排序,后取中。比如说一个数列{1,2,4,5,3},求它的中间数时,应该先排序变成{1,2,3,4,5},然后取中为3。如果数列含有偶数个数,取中间两个数,然后取这两个数的算术平均。3.mode:众数①Themodeofalistofnumbersisthenumberthatoccursmostfrequentlyinthelist.②Alistofnumbersmayhavemorethanonemode.4.expectation:期望在GMAT数学中,期望就是算术平均值。5.deviation偏差di=ai-E6.variance方差1n2DaiEni17.standarddeviation标准差D例:Ⅰ.72,73,74,75,76Ⅱ.74,74,74,74,74Ⅲ.62,74,74,74,89ThedatasetsⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢaboveareorderedfromgreateststandarddeviationtoleaststandarddeviationinwhichofthefollowing?(A)Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ(B)Ⅰ,Ⅲ,Ⅱ(C)Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅰ(D)Ⅲ,Ⅰ,Ⅱ(E)Ⅲ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ【解析】标准差相当于数组的偏差程度,偏差程度越大则标准差越大。正确答案为E。范围最大数减去最小数所得的差就是该组数据的范围。例1:150,200,250,nWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemedianofthe4integerslistedabove?Ⅰ.175Ⅱ.215Ⅲ.235(A)Ⅰonly(B)Ⅱonly(C)ⅠandⅡonly(D)ⅡandⅢonly(E)Ⅰ,Ⅱ,andⅢ【解析】由题可知,n位于数字排序最右边时,取得最大的中位数=225,因此整个数字排序的中位数必然小于等于225,只有I和II符合要求。正确答案为C。例2:Theleastandgreatestnumbersinalistof7realnumbersare2and20,respectively.Themedianofthelistis6,andthenumber3occursmostofteninthelist.Whichofthefollowingcouldbetheaverageofthenumbersinthelist?Ⅰ.7Ⅱ.8.5Ⅲ.10.5(A)Ⅰonly(B)ⅠandⅡonly(C)ⅠandⅢonly(D)ⅡandⅢonly(E)Ⅰ,Ⅱ,andⅢ【解析】7个数,最小的是2、最大的是20、中间的是6、3出现次数最多,因此可以得出7个数从小到大排序为:2、3、3、6、x、y、20。使用极端值假设法可以的出平均值介于6.5和10.5之间,因此I、II和III都符合要求。正确答案为E。例3:TestCathy’sScoreMeanScoreStandardDeviationMath80884Biology90842Physics96865History89814Chemistry88853ThechartaboveshowsdataforfiveteststhatCathytook.Onwhichofthefivetestsdidthescorehighestrelativetotherestofthetesttaker?A.MathB.BiologyC.PhysicsD.HistoryE.Chemistry【解析】分数超出标准差的倍数越多,怎表明相对表现得越好,正确答案选择B。