humancivilization

ReviewGuidePart1TheOriginofHuman（人类起源）andarchaeology1.Whenandwheredidhumanbeinggetstarted?6millionyearsago。Africa2.Istheconceptofhumanequaltotheconceptofcivilization?No.CertainConglomerationsofhumansareseenascivilizations3.Mostoftheancientcivilizationsstartedwithagriculture.（T）4.Beforeagriculture,whatlivingstyledidhumanhave?15thousandyearsago，peoplewereforagersandhuntersForaging（gathering）andhunting5.Whyagricultureisimportantinhumanhistory?(我总结的)（1）humancreatesfoodsurplusandcanfeedmorepeopleandnotdependongatheringandhuntingonlyanymore（2）itmakescitiesandcountriespossibleandmakesthespecializationoflabor（3）itproducedsomethingbadlikeinequality，war，patriarchy，famine（hunger）andenvironmentdestruction.(4)ithasagreatinfluenceonourworlduntilnow6.Whyislanguagesoimportantforus?Akindofrecord（1）oncewritingappeared，wehadactualhistory（2）Languageisthemostimportantcommunicationtool.（3）Languageisthemediumforhumantoexchangeideas.7.Whataretheessentialfeaturesofearlyhumanbeings?（4点）upright-walkinghaveverticalforeheadbrainisgrowinguntillthreehumanhaschildhoodhumanhashyoidbonewhichdecidesourvoice8.WhoisSelam?Howoldisshe?Shewastheearliestchildthateverbediscovered.sheisthemostcompleteskeletonwehaveofathreeyearsoldgirlwholivedanddiedin3.3milionyearsagoshewas3.3millionyearsold9.AmongSelam’shumanfeatures,whichoneisuniqueforher?herbrainisstillgrowingwhenshewas3whilethebrainofchimpanzeeshasformedout90%猩猩在三岁的时候脑部发育已经百分之九十，而selam三岁的时候脑补还在发育10.WhySelamissoimportant?shegive susuniquecountofthatwhatmakesushumanshecontainsamountofscientificinformationtohelpustoexplorewhatma kesushuman.itistheearlistandyoungesthumanancestor—themostamazingpieceofourlonghistory.herskeletondocumentsforthefirsttimethathoworphanslookedlike3millionyearsagowhenourbabyfossilsaremissing.shetellsusthatshewalkedupright.herbrainwasstillgrowingbeforeher，ourknowledgeaboutourancestors（thathowtheylookedlikehowtheybehave）wasalmostfromadultfossils11.Whataretheadvantageanddisadvantageofagriculture?Advantage：1.controllablefoodsupply.（控制食物供给，不挨饿）（Youmighthavedroughtsorfloods，butifyouaregrowingcropsandbreedingthemtobehealthierandhealthier，youhaveabetterchancefornotstarving（不挨饿））2.especiallyifyougrowgrain，youwillcreateafoodsurplus，whichmakescitiespossibleandthespecializationoflabor.(食物过剩，城市产生，分工产生)Inthedaysbeforeagriculture，everybody'sjobwasforaging.3.Agriculturecanbepracticedallovertheworldthoughinsomeplacesittakesextensivemanipulationoftheenvironment.（全世界都可以进行）Disadvantage：1.Inordertokeepfeedingpeopleaspopulationgrow，youhavetoradicallychangetheenvironmentoftheplanet.（破坏环境）2.Farmingishard.andasaresultthere‘sslaves.Sohardthatinfactsomepeopleneededtouseotherpeopleandforcethemtotillthelandonyourbehalf(whichisthekindofnon-idealsocialordersthattendstobeassociatewithagriculturalcommunities.)（产生奴隶和不合理的社会制度）12.Whyherdingcan’tdevelopintohighlevelofcivilization?（畜牧业为何不能产生文明）（因为畜牧要到处迁徙，而文明的特点是聚居）Ifyouareherding,youhavetomovearoundalotbecauseyourherdsalwaysneednewgrasswhichmakeithardtobuildcitiesunlessyouaretheMongols.meanwhile，onefeatureofhumancivilizationisconglomerations（聚居),citiesandcountrieswhichisdifferentfromnomadicpeople.Part2MesopotamianCivilization（美索不达米亚文明）1.WhatarethetworiversofMesopotamiancivilization?TheTigrisandEuphrates(底格里斯河和幼发拉底河)2.WhichmoderncountryisMesopotamiancivilizationlocated?Iraq.（伊拉克）3.Whatisthefeatureofthefloodofthetworivers?（两河特点）TheTigrisandEuphratesriversaredifficulttonavigateandfloodunpredictablyandviolently(Violent,unpredictableanddifficulttonavigate)（3个。猛烈，难以预测，不能航行））4.Sumerians（苏美尔人）startedtouseplowandirrigationditchtodoagriculture.5.Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,whydidcitystarttoappear?（问答题）Becauseagriculturecreatesfoodsurplus（食物过剩）6.Whydidreligiongetstartedintheveryearlycivilization?（宗教的产生）becauseofthefeatureoftherivers,theregiontendstoyo-yobetween(毁灭性的）floodandhorribledrought.Thenpeoplebelievedthatthegodswerekindofrandomandcapricious(变化无常）简单地说：becausethefeaturesofthetworivers，thefloodanddroughtcannotbepredictable.（两河的旱涝难以预测）7.WhattoolsdidSumeriansinvent?Plow8.Islanguageandwritingsystemthesame?Why?No.whatdifference。9.Whatisthebasicmotivationforthewritingsystem?（写字系统出现的动力）Inordertorecordtransactions（contracts）为了写商业合同（aboutwheatandgoats）writeforTrade（为了贸易）写什么。contracts.10.Whatisthebasicmotivationforwarbetweendifferentcitiesatthattime?（战争的根本原因）ForpowerandgoldSomepeopledon’twanttogiveuptheirflock（羊群）11.AkkadianisthefrancathroughoutMesopotamianperiod.12.TheCodeofHammurabiislaw.（yes）（汉莫拉比法典是一部法律）13.ThereistheprimitiveconceptoffairnessintheCodeofHammurabi.和现代法律接近的的两个特征（1）conceptoffairness（2）presumptiomofinnocence（无罪推定）14.PresumptionofinnocenceisoneaspectoftheCode.（yes）15.TheCodetellsusthatthepowerbegantoshiftfromwhomtowhom?FromGodtomen.16.Assyrians（亚述人）wereferocious凶残的andcunning狡猾的warriors.（T）17.TheHangingGardenwasinthe2ndBabylonianEmpire.（T）18.Phoeniciansinventedthephoneticalphabet.腓尼基人发明了字母表（T）19.WhatdoesthesocialismofMesopotamiancivilizationmean?什么方面像社会主义Farmerscontributedtheircropstopublicstorehouseswhileworkerscouldbepaidinformofgrain.20.Whatarepossiblefunct