MLA和APA格式的区别

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MLA和APA格式的区别最佳答案参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(theModernLanguageAssociation)或者APA(theAmericanPsychologicalAssociation),一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA,偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。3.1正文中的引证学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注。3.1.1引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:MLA:CharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting(Taylor).APA:CharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting(Taylor,1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:MLA:TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting.而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:APA:TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting(1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:APA:Ina1990article,TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:MLA:(Zhu12)APA:(Zhang,2005)3.1.2引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:MLA:AncientwritersattributedtheinventionofthemonochordtoPythagoras,wholivedinthesixthcenturyBC(Marcuse197).MonasteriesinmedievalEuropewerenotshortofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).APA:EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).Newmark(1988,pp.39-40)notesthreecharacteristicallyexpressivetext-types:(a)seriousimaginativeliterature(e.g.lyricalpoetry);(b)authoritativestatements(politicalspeechesanddocuments,statutesandlegaldocuments,philosophicalandacademicworksbyacknowledgedauthorities);(c)autobiography,essays,personalcorrespondence(whenthesearepersonaleffusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA的规范是(Marcuse190-203),而APA的规范是(1988,pp.39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复,如:MLA:Ancientwriters,accordingtoMarcuse,attributedtheinventionofthemonochordtoPythagoras,wholivedinthesixthcenturyBC(197).APA:TaylorwritesthatEmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(1988,p.11).3.1.3引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA(二至三位作者):Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetymologicallyunrelatedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).(如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton,Davies,andRice56)。)MLA(三位以上的作者):Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,andonlyafterresultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).APA(两位作者):Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticlescorrectlyonlyin70percentofthecases.注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA(三至五位作者)第一次引用:Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用:Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).APA(五位以上的作者):PatternsofbyzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003)3.1.4引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:MLA:Althoughsomemedicalethicistsclaimthatcloningwillleadtodesignerchildren(R.Miller12),othersnotethattheadvantagesformedicalresearchoutweighthisconsideration(A.Miller46).APA:Well-establishedSLAresearchers(e.g.,R.Ellis,2002)seemratherskepticaloftheassertionthatrepetitionaloneexplainsthedevelopmentoftheknowledgeofasecondlanguage(N.Ellis,2002).引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:MLA:(S.R.Wang26)(J.X.Wang30)APA:(W.Y.Wang,2003)(L.F.Wang,2003,p.213)3.1.5引用团体作者(corporateauthor)引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:MLA:ItwasapparentthattheAmericanhealthcaresystemneeded“tobefixedandperhapsradicallymodified”(PublicAgendaFoundation4).APA:Retiredofficersretainaccesstoalloftheuniversity'seducationalandrecreationalfacilities(ColumbiaUniversity,1987,p.54).3.1.6引用无作者文献引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:MLA:AnanonymousWordsworthcriticoncearguedthathispoemsweretooemotional(“WordsworthIsALoser”100).APA:(“MadCow,”2001)或者(SleepMedicine,2001)在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。3.1.7引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:MLA:JesseMoore(telephoneconversation,May12,1989)admittedtheneedforanin-depthanalysisoftheothernessexpressedinthework.APA:MiraAriel(e-mail,April17,2004)confirmedthataccessibilitymarkingplayedacrucialroleindiscourseorganization.ResearchersmayobservethatChineseEnglishmajorswithnooverseasexperienceoftenhaveabettercommandofEnglishthanAmericanforeignlanguagemajorswithnooverseasexperiencehaveofthelanguagetheystudy(EugeneNida,personalcommunication,November8,1986).3.1.8引用同一作者的多篇文献按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:Lightenorhasarguedthatcomputersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposureto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