Lecture2RulesoflanguageComparison

LanguageComparisons翻译的语言对比规律DifferencesbetweenEnglish&ChineseI.SemanticDifferencesII.DifferencesinLexicologyIII.SyntacticDifferencesIV.DifferencesofModeofThinkingEnglishbelongstoIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyorIndo-Germanicsystem(includingEurope,WesternAsiaandIndia).ChinesebelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(includingChinese,TibetanandBurmese).Englishisanalphabeticcharacter(拼音文字).Chineseisanideographiccharacter(表意文字).DifferentLanguageFamilies:Englishisacomprehensivelanguage.So-calledcomprehensivelanguagereferstothatthemeaningofthelanguageisexpressedbythechangeoftheformoftheworditselfsuchascase,number,tenseandsoon.Chineseisananalyticlanguage.So-calledanalyticlanguagemeansthattherelationshipofwordsisexpressednotbytheformofworditself-----butbyemptyword,particleandwordorderandsoon.DifferentNatureofLanguage:Englishsentencesarewell-knit,closeandcompact.InEnglish,nouns,especiallytheabstractnounsandprepositionsarewidelyused,justlikeaseriesofGrapes.Chinesesentencesareconciseandexplicit.InChinese,verbsarewidelyused,justlikeaBambooDifferenceofSentenceStructure:I.SemanticDifferences1.FullCorrespondenceOnlyfoundingenerallyadoptedtechnicaltermsorcoincidenceamongcommonwordsRadar=雷达TianjinUniversity=天津大学TheU.S.StateDepartment=美国国务院ThePacificOcean=太平洋helicopter=直升飞机•China(中国),Germany(德国),NewYork(纽约)等专有名词，•日常生活中的事物名称的词，如：•table（桌子）,watch(手表)，sun(太阳)等•以及科技英语的术语等：•laser激光;•aspirin阿斯匹林通用的专有名词•wife:•妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人，贱内•potato:•马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋•人：•humanbeing,man,people,person•犬：•dog,hound,pointer(猎犬),puppy(幼犬)2.one---multipleequivalentsofthesamemeaning(3)oneword----severalequivalentsofdifferentmeanings•cousin:•堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹…•笑：•smile,giggle(傻笑),laugh,ridicule,deride（讥笑）,guffaw(laughveryloudly)狂笑，哄笑•行：•go,walk,travel;circulate;behavior,conduct;capable,competent如对于morning的翻译：•Lateinthemorning•接近晌午•Earlyinthemorning•一大早•Mid-morning:•上午十点左右•Mid-afternoon:•下午三、四点部分对应造成翻译时的选择(4).Equivalentsinterwovenwithoneanother•say说•speak谈•talk讲•tell诉•Teenager:13至19岁的青少年•Clock－watcher:老是看钟等下班的人•Dink=doubleincomenokids丁克家族(5).Non-correspondenceoralmostnon-correspondence无对等词翻译方法：音译transliteration•如：叩头（kowtow)、功夫(kongfu)、•馄饨(wonton)、秧歌(yangko;扭秧歌dotheyangko)、炕(kang)、亩(mu)、斤(jin)、•两(liang)、阴（yin)、阳(yang)、武术(wushu,或martialart)等。释译ExplanationTranslation•三伏•thethreeperiodsofthehotseason;•三伏天•dogdays;•惊蛰•theWakingofInsectsStory=故事？•1)Theplayisreallyalovestory.•2)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.•3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthemeetingbrokethestory.•4)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.故事事件内情报道•5)Don’ttellstoriesagain,Tom,Idon’tbelieveyourstories.•6)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.•7)Theinsiderspilledthewholestory.•8)Herstoryisoneofthesaddest.•9)Ayoungmancametothepolicestationwithastory.谎言情况实情遭遇报案Lovely=可爱的？•“Youhavealovelypuremind,”saidI.•“你有颗纯洁可爱的心，”我说。•“Howareyou,darling?”shesaid.“Isn’titalovelyday?”•“你好啊，亲爱的？”她说。•“天气不是好的可爱吗？”•“Ifeelverywell.Wehadalovelynight.”•“很好。我们过了一个可爱的夜晚”•“Ihavealovelylife…”•“我觉得这生活太可爱了……”•“Youhavealovelypuremind,”saidI.•“你有一颗美好而纯洁的心，”我说。•“Howareyou,darling?”shesaid.“Isn’titalovelyday?”•“你好啊，亲爱的？天气不是很美吗？”•“Ifeelverywell.Wehadalovelynight.”•“很好。我们过了一个愉快的夜晚”。•“Ihavealovelylife…”•“我过得很开心……”RevisedVersion•Heavysmokinggreatlyincreasedtheprobabilityofgettinglungcancer.•抽烟过多会大大增加患肺癌的可能性。•Avoidanceofheavyfoodisveryimportantforthepatientswithpepticulcer（消化性溃疡）.•对消化性溃疡病人来说，重要的是避免进食难消化的食物。说=say?•他的父亲说了他一顿。•Hisfathergavehimascolding.(scoldedhim)•他说英语。•HespeaksEnglish.•他说谎。•Hetoldalie.•他说他很忙。•Hesaidhewasbusy.•不要胡说。•Don’ttalknonsense./Stoptalkingnonsense.•我说不出来。•Iamunabletoexpressit.•这是说不得的。•Itmustnotbementioned.•我想替他说个人情。•I’dliketoappealtoyouonhisbehalf.•这个人说得多做得少。•Themantalksmuchbutdoeslittle.•他说了又说，我还是不懂。•Heexplainedagainandagain,butIstillcouldn’tunderstandhim.•我一说他就明白了。•Itoldhimandhecaughtonatonce.•文房四宝•thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)•文明礼貌月•SocialistEthicsandCourtesyMonth•特困生•themostneedystudents•一穷二白•poorandblank•乌纱帽•anofficialpost•五岳•theFiveSacredMountains•五经•TheFiveClassics(TheBookofPoetry,TheBookofHistory,TheBookofChanges,TheBookofRitesandTheSpringandAutumnAnnuals)•cut：cutwheat割麦子•cutcake切蛋糕•cutfinger-nails剪指甲•wear：Heworedarkglasses,andthickjersey,andstoppeduphisearswithcotton.•他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。6.WordCollocation•Delicateskin•Delicatechild•Delicatevase•Delicatedifference•Delicatesenseofsmell•Delicatefood娇嫩的皮肤容易生病的小孩容易碰碎的花瓶微妙的差别灵敏的嗅觉美味的食物•大城市•Abigcity•大雨•Aheavyrain•大志•High(lofty)aim•大宗•Alargeamount•大人物•Animportantperson•大道理•General(major)principles模拟动作情状不同:Walk•saunter•amble•stride•trudgetraipseshambleprancescamperclump悠然自得地走从容不迫地走大踏步地走步履艰难地走懒散疲乏地走蹒跚地走昂首阔步地走蹦蹦跳地走拖着沉重的脚步走词语的感情色彩•toexpire逝世•topassaway去世•toclose(end)one’sday寿终•tobreatheone’slast咽气，短气•topaythedebtofnature了结尘缘•todeparttotheworldofshadows命归黄泉•tokickthebucket翘辫子•tokickupone’sheels蹬腿，翘脚•tolaydownone’sknifeandfork不吃委婉语euphemism•Shehascanceledallhersocialengagements.•她已以取消了所有的社交约会。(1856)•Sheisinaninterestingcondition.•她正处于一种有趣的状态。(1880)•Sheisinadelicatecondition.•她正处于一种微妙的状态。(1895