Lecture2Determiner(2)WordStudy韩流Hallyu拌饭Bibimbap海带汤Miyeokguk烧酒KoreanSoju拉面Stretchednoodles紫菜包饭gimbap二、冠词1、不定冠词a,an的位置⑴不定冠词a用在以辅音音素(并非辅音字母)开头的名词前;不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的名词前。例如:①Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.②OldHen:Letmegiveyouapieceofgoodadvice.YoungHen:Whatisit?OldHen:Aneggadaykeepstheaxaway.③Tellingliesisafaultinaboy,anartinalover,anaccomplishmentinabachelor,andsecond-natureinamarriedman.⑵An还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如:①anSOSsign②AnLletterisintheword“letter”.2、名词与冠词使用的重要技巧从名词角度来看,对于名词与冠词的使用,以下几条是核心:⑴单数可数名词:单数可数名词不能单独使用,必须与冠词或其它限定词连用。⑵复数名词和不可数名词:对于复数名词和不可数名词,以下两点必须掌握:1)不能与不定冠词a(n)连用。2)复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时,不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时,要用the。例如:①Lifeishardsometimes.∕Lifeiseducationinitself.∕ThewriteriswritingabookaboutthelifeofblacksinAmerica.②Ilovemusic,poetryandart.∕Idon’tlikethefilm,butIlikethemusic(ofthefilm).③Airisacolorlessandtastelessgas.∕Theairinthisroomisstuffy.Pleaseopenthewindows.④Booksbecomemoreandmoreexpensive.∕Putawaythebooksonyourdesk.⑤Pencilscontainlead(铅).∕Whoputthepencilsonthedesk?⑥Sugarisn’tverygoodforyou.∕Canyoupassmethesugar,please?请注意,表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词,他们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语,以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。3、冠词的用法⑴第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an,这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the:①Amancameuptoapolicemanandaskedhimaquestion.Thepolicemandidn’tunderstandthequestion,soheaskedthemantorepeatit.②Ihadabananaandanapple.IatethebananaandgavetheappletoClint.⑵在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时,要用the。比如在自己家的房间里,我们要说thelight,thefloor,thedoor,thewindow,thecarpet。例如:①Canyouturnoffthelight,please?(=thelightinourroom)②Shutthedoor,please!③Howdoyoulikethefilm?④A:Doyouneedthecartoday,honey?B:Yes.Ihavealotofthingstodo.Whydon’tIdriveyoutoworktoday?C:OK.Butbesuretofillthecarupwithgas.⑶表示世界上独一无二的事物:theearth,thesky,themoon,theworld,theuniverse⑷形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时,它们前面一般要用the。例如:①theonly∕bestwaytocopewiththeproblem②ThisisthefirsttimeI’vecometoBeijing.⑸在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the。例如:theBeatles,thePhiladelphiaOrchestra,play∕learntheguitar,learnthepiano注意:运动项目前不用the。如playchess,playfootball(basketball,tabletennis)⑹专有名词前带有表示职业的词语或限制性修饰词时,要用the。⑺海洋、江河、海湾、山脉、群岛、沙漠、以复数形式出现的地理名称、带有of词组的岛名,一般要用the。⑻组织、机关、机构、公共建筑、车船等名称前,大多用the。⑼许多报纸、杂志名称前带the。⑽度量衡名称之前常用the。4、何时不用冠词⑴表示独一无二的身份前一般不用冠词。例如:①ElizabethⅡ,QueenofEngland②TheyelectedHenrychairman.③Henrywaselectedchairmanofthecommittee.④HewaselectedPresidentforthesecondtime.⑤Sheischairmanofthecommittee.⑥ForthefirsttimeIamkingofmyself.⑦Electwhomyouchoosetobeking.⑧Mr.Smithusedtobepresidentofourband.⑵表示球类、棋类运动项目时不加冠词。例如:playfootball,playchess,playtennis⑶下列这些限定词彼此排斥,不能同时出现在名词前面:1)冠词:the,an,a;2)物主形容词:my,your,his,her,our,their;3)指示形容词:this,that,these,those;4)名词属格:Tom’s,John’s⑷the在一些特殊的名词前省略:1)nature:泛指自然界(动、植物及无生命物质的世界)。例如:innatureIfyoudestroynatureyouwillsufferforit.2)society:泛指我们在其中生活的这个社会,一般不用冠词。例如:insocietySocietyturnspeopleintocriminalsandthenlocksthemup.3)space:泛指星球之间的空间时,不用冠词。例如:inspaceManhasjusttakenhisfirststepsintospace.4)man:泛指整个人类时,不用冠词。例如:①Mancanconquernature.②Fromearlytimesmanhasusedgarlic(大蒜).Throughtheyearsmanhastriedtocopewith(处理)thesmellofgarlic.Butnoherb,mouthwash,chewinggum,ortoothpasteseemstohelpmuch.③That’sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapforman.5)history:泛指人类整个历史时,不用冠词。例如:①Historymayrepeatitself.②Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie.⑸在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。例如:①havesomethingforbreakfast②invitesomebodytodinner③Iwasinvitedtodinner.若在三餐名词前有形容词时,则一般加不定冠词。例如:Weoftenhaveabiglunchandanicedinner.⑹交通工具名词前不用冠词。例如:bybicycle,byboat,bycar,byplane,bytrain,bymetro(subway,tube)等。但若用介词on,则须用冠词。onthetrain,ontheplane,ontheboat(特别注意:onfoot步行,不加冠词。)⑺大多数地名、湖泊名称、道路、广场、车站、机场、公园、桥梁名称、节假日名称前不用冠词。⑻职位、职称、官阶、职业等名称,疾病名称,餐食名称之前不用冠词。⑼在一些固定介词搭配中不用冠词。例如:facetoface,arminarm,handinhand,shouldertoshoulder,sidebyside,inchbyinch,dayafterday5、school与theschool表示地点的名词如bed,church,court,hospital,prison,school∕college∕university,sea,work,office等。当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事情时,上述这些名词前面不加冠词。因为这时这些名词只表示一种抽象概念,说话人并非特指具体的地点。如果我们去这些地方不是要做特定的事情,而是由于其它原因,则要用the。例如:①Hismotherisinhospitalandhehasbeeninthehospitaltotakecareofher.②Heisofteninvitedtotheprisontogivelectures.∕Heisinprisonforbribery.③BillClintoncameintoofficein1992.∕BillClintoncameintotheofficeandsawLewinskyworkingthere.其它类似的还有:①toschool∕college∕university(tostudy);②tochurch(topray);③tohospital(aspatients);④inclass,intheclass当然我们也可以用其它介词:1)at∕from∕in∕toschool∕college∕university);2)at∕from∕in∕toschool;3)to∕in∕into∕fromchurch4)to∕in∕into∕outofprison∕hospital∕bed);5)to∕at∕fromwork;6)to∕atsea;7)to∕in∕from∕outoftown;8)at∕fromhome;9)gotosea(assailors)∕gotothesea=gototheseaside;10)beatsea(aspassengersorcrew)∕beatthesea=beattheseaside;11)bysea=byship∕bythesea=bytheseaside;12)beinoffice∕beintheoffice;13)beoutofoffice∕beoutoftheoffice6、“泛指概念”的四种表达方式⑴由以上得知,不带the的不可数名词表示泛指。例:①Ilikemusic.②Goldisametal.⑵由以上得知,不带the的复数可数名词表示泛指。例:①Bananasareyellow.②Iamafraidofdogs.⑶“the+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指(当然也可以表示特指)。例如:①Thewhaleisthelargestmammalonearth.②Thewhaleisdead.③Theelephantisthelargestlandmammal.④Theelephantovertherehasonlyonetusk.⑷不定冠词“a(n)+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指。当然也可以含有“one”这一数量意义。注意比较:①Iateabananathismorning.②Abananaisyellow.③Isawadogentertheroom.④Adogma